Growing old: A psychoanalyst’s point of view1

With the help of clinical examples, the author shows that psychoanalysis or psychotherapy after the age of 70 can be a fascinating experience, one that enables patients to reconstruct their internal history in such a way that their final years can be given their rightful place in the overall journey through life. Often it will be a matter of going beyond the conflict between paralysing time with the illusion of keeping death at bay and taking the transient nature of life into account in order to perceive its true flavour. We can grow old passively, juxtaposing different periods of our life without linking them together, thereby creating the illusion of time without end; or we can grow old actively, integrating the different phases of our life into a coherent historical narrative. This representation of time leaves the door open for experiences which the author calls ‘small seconds of eternity’. We can all experience such moments when we are deeply moved – joyfully or painfully – by something, so that we perceive another quality of time that goes beyond its chronological dimension without all the same negating it. Helping elderly people to identify these seconds of eternity and catch hold of them can be an invaluable experience for them. Perhaps we need to see our life unfold through the chronology of its different phases in order to discover, second by second, how to express on an everyday basis something of which we have had an inkling in some second of eternity.     

刻板印象的自动过程研究新进展

本文从两个方面对刻板印象的自动过程研究进行了回顾：自动过程是固定的和不可避免的;自动过程是有条件的。一个传统的观点在心理学中占据了将近40年,它认为刻板印象是自动激活的,不考虑知觉者的意图和目标。近几年来针对自动刻板印象的适应性的研究将近50项,对此提出挑战,研究表明知觉者的目的和意图能够起一些作用,自动刻板印象能够被一系列的因素所缓和,具有一定的适应性。     

线索对基本特征刺激加工作用机制研究

许多研究认为,基本特征的觉察过程是平行加工的过程,它的探测与注意分配到某个位置没有关系。本实验通过不同线索分配注意,探讨了基本特征的平行加工与选择性注意的作用的关系。结果发现：(1)基本特征的平行加工,可能受到注意分配影响的;(2)注意分配的作用可能通过抑制干扰项的加工,而不仅仅只是通过促进靶子的加工而实现的。作者在讨论中探讨了可能的原因。     

Book Reviews

Books Reviewed:
Daniel Chirot and Martin E. P. Seligman (eds.), Ethnopolitical Warfare: Causes, Consequences, and Possible Solutions
David Patrick Houghton, U.S. Foreign Policy and the Iran Hostage Crisis
Yoram Peri (ed.), The Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin
Peter Suedfeld (ed.), Light from the Ashes: Social Science Careers of Young Holocaust Refugees and Survivors     

Internet Discussion Forum Summary

Articles Discussed in this forum:
'Symbolic attitude and reverie: problems of symbolization in children and adolescents' by Gustav Bovensiepen and 'Response to Gustav Bovensiepen' by Donald Kalsched     

EXPLICATING THE IMPLICIT: THE LOCAL LEVEL AND THE MICROPROCESS OF CHANGE IN THE ANALYTIC SITUATION

This paper proposes a method of examining the micro-events of the analytic process that borrows heavily from developmental research. The increasing importance of illuminating the microprocess of interaction to understanding the process of change in analytic treatment is emphasised. A set of constructs and terminology is proposed for the study of the moment-to-moment interactive process in psychoanalytic therapy referred to as the local level. A theory of therapeutic action based on 'local-level' process is then explicated. Its central element involves a step-by-step process of 'fitting together', which leads to changes in implicit knowing through alteration of emotional procedures.     

Narrative in psychotherapy theory,practice, and research: A critical review

This paper offers a critical review of narrative approaches to therapy, in terms of theory, practice and research. It proposes that narrative approaches currently lack a theory that explains adequately how the reworking of narratives brings about changes and how a client's various narratives are integrated. Research approaches to the study of narrative in therapy are at an early stage. A review of current research into narrative approaches to therapy is presented, and suggestions are offered for further research.     

成人与中学生科学概念形成过程的四个对比实验

以一组非人工的、自然的科学概念(“反作用力”、“机械能守恒”、“熵”和“场”)为学习内容,分别以成人和中学生为被试,实验研究成人和中学生科学概念形成过程的异同。结论如下：(1)成人与中学生科学概念形成过程均分为振荡渐进期、高原期和突变期。(2)成人的振荡渐进期较长;中学生的振荡渐进期较短且振荡特征比较明显。(3)成人的高原期出现较晚,但持续较长;中学生的高原期出现较早,但持续较短。(4)中学生的突变期的跨度随概念的抽象程度提高而越来越大。     

前瞻记忆提取的自动加工、策略加工和控制加工

引入“准意识”来描述一种不能通达意识但又需要注意资源的状态,基于意识性的控制加工、准意识性的策略加工和无意识性的自动加工提出了前瞻记忆提取的三加工自动激活模型。