我国人体器官移植的社会支持系统研究

供体来源不足严重制约了我国器官移植事业的发展。有鉴于此,建立一个非技术的人体器官移植的社会支持系统对促进我国器官移植事业的发展将具有重要意义。通过对该系统各组成部分如法律法规系统、组织管理系统、宣传教育系统、补偿系统的研究,旨在对我国器官移植事业的发展有所裨益。     

Testing for effects of racial attitudes and visual contrast on the speed of a driver’s response to a pedestrian

Although ethnic minorities are overrepresented in pedestrian-vehicle collisions, previous driving studies did not examine racial attitudes in such collisions. Our objective was to determine whether the speed of a driver’s response to a pedestrian was affected by the driver’s racial attitudes and the contrast between the pedestrian’s skin colour and background. Participants viewed simulated driving scenes of a pedestrian on a road and pressed a button as soon as they saw an obstacle. Visual information, but not racial attitudes, affected the time it took observers to respond to pedestrian and non-pedestrian stimuli in driving scenes. Results indicated that contrast affected response time even when the stimulus was subliminal. We believe this is the first demonstration of contrast effects with subliminal stimuli in a driving context. Results have implications for traffic safety and for methodology used to study racial attitudes.     

前临床期痴呆的认知特征：当前研究进展和未来研究展望

在这篇文章中, 我将讨论从正常老化到痴呆, 这一通常被称为痴呆前临床阶段的认知功能的转变。研究表明, 阿尔茨海默症和血管性痴呆病人在临床确诊之前的几年中, 会出现明显的认知损伤。早期最突出的损伤存在于情节记忆、加工速度以及执行功能。这些功能性损伤与神经生物学研究证实的边缘系统和新皮层区存在多重损伤是相一致的。虽然早在临床诊段之前, 病人组和控制组的平均成绩存在巨大差异, 但同时这两组测试成绩的分布在很大程度上是重叠的。寻求降低这种重叠度的方法是未来研究的一个重要任务。这有可能通过将认知的和其他指标(如基于脑的、基因的、临床的、社会的)相结合构建预测模型来实现。此外, 在未来研究中以下三方面也是急需考虑问题: (a) 找出在 前临床期间认知功能急速下降的时间点: (b) 评估从前临床到临床诊断变化速率中存在的个体差异; (c) 确定特定因素与随后发生的痴呆之间的关联强度是如何随时间向临床确诊推进而逐渐变化的。     

应当重视肿瘤微环境中外因的研究

长期以来,肿瘤学的几乎所有研究一直在关注肿瘤细胞本身,从哲学角度看这无疑是正确的。肿瘤细胞是肿瘤事件发生发展的内因。近年研究表明,肿瘤的外因,即肿瘤微环境中的非肿瘤细胞及其产物,对肿瘤的发生发展起着十分重要的作用。肿瘤微环境的外因,通过作用于内因选择了更具抵抗性的肿瘤细胞,促进了肿瘤的进展与转移。因此,重视肿瘤微环境的外因研究,对肿瘤治疗学将会开辟以外因为靶点干预的新思路。     

重症急性胰腺炎并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征危险因素的分析

为了探讨重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDs）的危险因素,回顾性分析了我院76例SAP患者入ICU时的年龄、血糖、APACHEⅡ评分等17项指标,根据是否合并ARDS对各项指标进行单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析。单因素分析显示两组在年龄、呼吸频率、血糖、感染、APACHEⅡ评分、Ranson评分、CT评分、ICU住院日方面差异有显著性（P〈0．05）,多因素Logistic回归分析显示年龄、血糖、感染、APACHEⅡ、Ranson、CT评分与SAP并发ARDS有关。故得出结论,年龄、血糖、感染、APACHEⅡ、Ranson与CT评分是SAP并发ARDS的独立危险因素。     

浅谈心血管疾病预防的重要性和可操作性

心血管疾病是人类死亡的主要病因,其危险因素包括吸烟、血脂异常、糖尿病、高血压、肥胖等。目前我国医务工作者限于治疗疾病,忽视疾病预防,这种模式过于被动,需要高昂的医疗支出。如果不做好心血管疾病的预防工作,将会极大影响国民经济增长。因此改善生活方式、预防心血管疾病发生,形成疾病预防模式就显得尤为重要,并具有可操作性。     

糖尿病防治的策略转变——从关注糖化血红蛋白到着眼心血管事件

通过对2型糖尿病心血管终点事件的观察,更多的临床证据提示,糖尿病的治疗目标应该以减少心血管事件为主。糖尿病防治从策略上发生了两个转变,即以血糖为中心转向以防治心血管事件为中心的多危险因素综合防治策略;以糖化血红蛋白检测作为血糖评价的金标准转向以血糖量、质、时程控制的全面评价策略。     

Does prior exposure to interpersonal violence increase risk of PTSD following subsequent exposure?

Research has generally found a “dose relationship” between potentially traumatic events (PTEs) and the likelihood of developing PTSD, with greater number of events associated with greater likelihood. Most of these studies have been cross-sectional, however. A recent prospective study (Breslau, Peterson, & Schultz, 2008) found that PTSD response to prior potentially traumatic event (PTE) exposure, rather than prior exposure itself, acts as a risk factor for PTSD in response to subsequent PTE; however, this analysis combined many different types of events, and the unique contribution of specific events (e.g., assault) that may be associated with differential risk of PTSD was indeterminable. The present study examined the effects of cumulative PTE exposure prospectively using a two-wave design in the National Survey of Adolescents (N = 1703). History of assault and witnessing serious violence were the focal PTEs examined. Wave I assault without PTSD was found to predict PTSD at Wave II following exposure to new assault or witnessed violence; however, among those without prior PTSD, Wave I witnessed violence did not increase risk of subsequent PTSD following exposure.     

Trait anger and anger expression style in children's risky decisions

In this study, 104 children completed a task, measuring risk decision-making, and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory for Children and Adolescents. Subjects were also asked to evaluate the degree of danger, benefit, fun and fear perceived for each risky choice. Analyses indicated that (a) risk decision-making was predicted by both trait anger and outward expression of anger; (b) appraisal of danger fully mediated the relationship between trait anger and risk; (c) perceptions of benefit, scare and fun partially mediated the relationship between trait anger and risk; and (d) appraisal of danger partially mediated the relationship between outward expression of anger and risk decision-making. The results provide evidence for a relationship between dispositional anger and risk decision-making during childhood, suggesting a possible explanation of the mechanisms below. In particular, risk decision-making can be viewed as the output of cognitive and emotive processes, linked to dispositional anger that leads children to be amused, optimistic and fearless in potentially risky situations. These findings substantiate the importance of incorporating cognitive and emotive factors in theories that seek to explain the relationship between personality traits and risk decision-making across a broad age range.     

Positive evidence for Eysenck’s arousal hypothesis: A combined EEG and MRI study with multiple measurement occasions

Eysenck’s arousal hypothesis suggests that introverts have greater cortical activity than extraverts. This prediction was tested in several studies that used the electroencephalogram (EEG) alpha activity to index cortical arousal, but empirical findings are inconsistent. Possibly, external factors of the measurement situation or static factors such as skull thickness may act as nuisance variables on alpha activity and thus mitigate the relation between arousal and extraversion. The aim of the present study was to test the arousal hypothesis with a focus on these methodological issues. Resting EEG was acquired on several occasions of measurement, skull thickness was quantified with anatomical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and extraversion was assessed by questionnaire. There was a positive association between alpha activity and extraversion, which was neither affected by external factors nor by skull thickness. This finding is in line with the arousal hypothesis and suggests that external or static factors do not contribute to the inconsistency of empirical findings.