Facework and Rhetorical Strategies in Intercultural Argumentative Discourse

Intercultural discourse (especially via a lingua franca when interlocutors have a false impression that they are speaking one and the same language) adds a new dimension – facework (the establishment of culture-sensitive politeness strategies) – to the theory and practice of argumentation from a number of perspectives: its specificity as compared to ordinary argumentational discourse, the interpretation of the concept of incommensurability, and the conduct of international negotiations. Politeness systems relevant for different cultures are not unpredictable, but represent linguistically and cognitively a highly generalised universal system which can be adopted by interlocutors and used in practical discourse. Politeness expressions are governed by linguistic components – by language forms of a certain type and by specific discourse patterns. The proper choice of language forms and discourse patterns adds a special dimension to argumentative schemata. The politeness-relevant packaging of discourse adds a zero-step to the normative stages of an argumentative discussion (establishing hierarchical relations as such), and needs permanent alignment of these relations, by using correct language forms and discourse patterns.     

初中生在方程学习中学习能力感,学习策略与学业成就关系的研究

探讨了初中生在代数方程学习中,代数能力感与方程能力感两类学习能力感、计划性策略、努力策略与认知策略三类一般学习策略、适宜性策略和多样性策略两类方程具体策略与学业成就之间的关系。研究结果表明,方程成绩优秀生和不良生在学习能力感和学习策略上存在着显著的差异,两类具体策略和两类能力感对方程成绩具有显著的影响。     

Experimental analysis of academic performance in a classroom setting

We evaluated the effects of specific stimulus prompts on accuracy of academic performance with adolescents who displayed academic problems in a public special education classroom. We conducted analyses of instructional strategies within a multielement design with two students who had mild disabilities. Differential effects of the strategies on reading comprehension were not apparent on demand (independent-level) tasks but were apparent on high-demand (instructional-level) tasks. These results suggested that the application of experimental analysis methodologies to instructional variables may facilitate the identification of stimulus prompts associated with accurate academic performance.     

启动效应再探──预诱发提取策略和启动刺激显现时间的影响

本研究旨在发现启动效应与启动刺激呈现时间及预诱发提取策略的关系．实验Ⅰ表明在不同的建阈值的判断任务之后,语义启动效应随启动刺激呈现时间的减少而减小,但减小到某一值后又开始增大,而重复启动效应则随启动刺激呈现时间减少而增本,但增大到某一值后又开始减小,这一结果为证明中心──周围提取假说（Ｃａｒｒ,１９９０）提供了证据．实验Ⅱ的结果是：在相同的提取策略下,启动效应随启动刺激呈现时间的延长而增大,这一结果充分说明无意识知觉加工的作用;而在相同的呈现时间下,提取策略对启动效应的作用受启动刺激呈现时间长短的制约：当呈现时间达到或超过某一值时,提取策略导致启动效应是“Ｕ”型,小于该值时,提取策略则不起作用。     

企业新产品开发决策的不确定性和决策策略模拟实验研究

本文以企业新产品开发为决策内容,根据决策策略的规定性理论框架和先前调查所得决策案例,设计四种决策情景来代表四种不确定状态,通过５６名来自５个工厂的管理人员的现场模拟实验,着重研究这类决策的不确定性和决策策略之间关系。结果发现,在新产品开发的决策中,决策策略随不确定状态而改变;决策情景的不确定程度和决策策略没有严格的—一对应关系;在四类不确定决策情景下,都有管理人员采用混合型策略。这一发现同混合扫瞄策略观点和垃圾罐模型的思想相一致。并且,随着决策情景的不确定程度加大,决策时间逐渐延长。最后我们提出了应继续研究的课题。     

自我概念清晰性的影响因素与干预策略：基于自我概念结构三元整合假设的新视角

自我概念清晰性是个体对自身看法感到明晰、确信、内部一致和跨时间稳定的程度,它影响广泛,但现有研究缺乏对其影响因素和干预策略的理论整合。受低自我概念清晰性源于自我概念结构整合困难启发,本文提出了自我概念结构三元整合假设,将自我概念结构整合分为跨经验抽象整合、跨场域共时整合和跨时间历时整合三方面,从这三方面剖析了如何降低自我概念结构整合难度,并基于此梳理了影响自我概念清晰性的环境因素（外因）和个体因素（内因）。本文为理解自我概念清晰性形成机制提供了新的理论框架,为自我概念清晰性干预提供了“路线图”。     

Social contact,own-group recognition bias and visual attention to faces

The own-group recognition bias (OGRB) has been consistently linked to social contact in theoretical accounts. Indeed, social contact is assumed by most authors to underlie the perceptual expertise of out-groups' faces. However, little is known empirically about how it might impact face-processing strategies. We tested the proposition that social interaction would improve the face recognition performance of another group by modulating visual strategies for different face areas. In Experiment 1, we studied visual processes using an eye tracker during a person's first live encounter with a particular member of their own group (European) or an outgroup (African) to explore how increasing familiarity during a first interaction influences face-processing strategies. In Experiments 2 and 3, we explored the effect of simulated intergroup contact on face recognition accuracy, while simultaneously studying the impact of contact on visual attention strategies that occur during recognition (Experiment 2) and encoding (Experiment 3). The results showed a strong OGRB and a difference in visual processes based on the ethnic group of the targets. Although a single interaction is not sufficient to reduce the OGRB, familiarization during a live interaction (Experiment 1) and virtual social contact (Experiment 2) had an impact on the visual strategies employed.     

The relation between career decision-making strategies and person-job fit: A study of job changers

This study examined relations between three career decision-making strategies (rational, intuitive, and dependent) and person-job fit among 361 professionals who had recently changed jobs. We found that the relation between each decision-making strategy and fit was contingent upon the concurrent use of other strategies. A rational strategy related more strongly to fit when individuals also engaged in extensive intuitive decision making than when they engaged in limited intuitive decision making. In addition, a dependent strategy related negatively to fit only in the absence of extensive rational or intuitive strategies. Moreover, self-awareness and awareness of the environment mediated relations between career decision-making strategies and person-job fit. The implications of these findings for future research on career decision making were discussed.     

Food‐related risk‐reduction strategies: purchasing and consumption processes

Confronted with an alarming social discourse favouring the perception of food risk, modern consumers find themselves in a situation of psychological discomfort caused by consumption of foodstuffs coming from the agricultural and foodstuff industry. To eliminate this discomfort the consumer may change their purchasing and consumption habits (constraining hypothesis) or introduce some measures for the reduction of risk. The aim of this paper is to present a new classification of risk reducers taking into account the diversity of buying and consumption practices. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications.     

学习不良儿童的元认知研究

元认知指有关认知过程的知识和对认知过程的调节。在学习不良领域,元认知理论无论在对学生内部加工问题的理解上还是在开发帮助学生获得学业成功的教学方法实践中,都具有重要意义。本文在回顾了这一领域的研究之后,指出一些基本问题仍未得到解决,未来的研究应围绕这些问题的解决展开,进一步揭示学习不良儿童元认知机制,整合认知、动机和情感因素,致力于将学习不良学生培养成自我调节的学习者。