Aggressive strategies and victimization during adolescence: grade and gender differences,and cross‐informant agreement

The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to analyze the frequency of physical, verbal, and indirect aggression as well as victimization across two genders and grades and (2) to assess the concordance among different informants. According to the answers provided by 257 fifth and seventh graders (mean age 11.4 and 13.5, respectively) in the Peer Estimated Conflict Behavior Questionnaire, four types of ratings were calculated: same‐ and opposite‐gender rating, rating by both genders, and self‐report. Additionally, teacher ratings were collected. In contrast to earlier findings, boys were found to be directly, as well as indirectly, more aggressive than girls, thus challenging the universality of indirect aggression as a strategy more frequently employed by girls. Consistencies among different informants varied, with peers showing the strongest agreement with each other and self‐views conforming the least to other ratings.Aggr. Behav. 00:1–12, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

中学生学习策略的结构与使用特点

本文采用修订的中学生学习策略量表,系统考察了初一到高三1341名中学生学习策略的使用情况。结果表明:①本次修订的中学生学习策略量表具有良好的信度和效度,划分为认知策略、元认知策略和资源管理策略的结构合理;②中学生在认知策略、元认知策略和资源管理策略的使用上有随年级增长而下降的趋势,在资源管理策略上女生得分明显高于男生;③时间管理策略、努力策略和支持寻求策略对初中生的学习成绩有正向预测作用,调节策略和努力策略对高中生的学习成绩有正向预测作用,而支持寻求策略有负向预测作用。     

无痛人流不同麻醉的比较

为了更好地实行无痛人流,提高无痛人流的镇痛效果、降低麻醉风险及提高患者满意度,用比较治疗学的理念及方法对目前国内报道的一些主要无痛人流的麻醉方法进行比较和分析。结果发现镇静药丙泊酚与强效镇痛药复合应用于无痛人流安全有效。比较治疗学方法有助于无痛人流不同麻醉的临床抉择。     

南京居民医疗服务潜在需求成因分析及其合理转化建议

通过南京市8个区、县4873户居民的基线调查,掌握居民对医疗服务的实际利用情况,通过比较医疗需求与利用之间的差距,发现存在很大的潜在医疗服务需求市场。从医疗服务供需双方分析其产生的原因,找出医疗服务需求与利用的主要影响因素,从而探讨如何将这部分潜在需求合理转化。     

控制策略的毕生发展

控制策略是可以应用于一生发展的生活管理策略.本文对上海地区的5个年龄段(小学、中学、大学、中年、老年)473名被试进行研究,结果表明①不同年龄人群使用控制策略存在差异.②在所有年龄阶段,最优化和初级控制策略表现出首要地位.③针对不同资源领域状况,被试使用不同控制策略.     

复杂胫骨平台骨折处理的临床决策

复杂胫骨平台骨折处理相当困难,治疗上存在着一系列矛盾,准确的骨折分型和软组织损伤情况评估,合理的手术入路和手术时机选择,重视复位、固定方式和方法及软组织保护,双下肢同时消毒包扎为术中快速的体位转换提供了方便,一系列临床决策极大地提高了复杂胫骨平台骨折的治疗水平。     

A model of working memory capacity in the radial-arm maze task

The radial arm maze is one of the most commonly used tests for assessing working memory in laboratory animals. However, to date, there exists no quantitative method of estimating working memory capacity from performance on this task. Here, we present a mathematical model of performance on the radial arm maze from which we can derive estimates of capacity. We derive explicit results for the two most commonly used measures of performance as functions of number of arms in the maze and memory capacity, assuming a uniform random search. We simulate random non-uniform search strategies. Comparing our model to previous experiments, we show that our model predicts a working memory capacity in the range of 3-9 at the level of performance observed in these experiments. This estimate is within the typical estimate of human working memory capacity. Performance of rats on large mazes (e.g. 48 arms) has been used as evidence that the working memory capacity of rats may be significantly larger than that of humans. We report that memory capacity in the range 3-9 is sufficient to explain the performance of rats in very large radial mazes. Furthermore, when we simulate non-uniform random search strategies observed in the experiments, the resulting estimates do not differ significantly from those assuming a uniform random search. We conclude that a list-based model of working memory with modest capacity is more powerful than previously expected.     

Achievement strategies during university studies predict early career burnout and engagement

To examine whether individuals’ achievement strategies measured during university studies would have an impact on work burnout and work engagement measured 10, 14 and 17 years later, 292 university students completed the SAQ strategy questionnaire three times while at university, and the work burnout inventory three times and work engagement inventory twice during their early career. The results showed that optimism increased during university, while task-avoidance did not change. Moreover, high and increasing optimism during university predicted a high level of work engagement and low level of burnout 10, 14 and 17 years later. By contrast, a high level of task-avoidance during university predicted a low level of work engagement and high level of burnout during the early career.     

Impaired discriminative fear-conditioning resulting from elevated fear responding to learned safety cues among individuals with panic disorder

Classical fear-conditioning is central to many etiologic accounts of panic disorder (PD), but few lab-based conditioning studies in PD have been conducted. One conditioning perspective proposes associative-learning deficits characterized by deficient safety learning among PD patients. The current study of PD assesses acquisition and retention of discriminative aversive conditioning using a fear-potentiated startle paradigm. This paradigm was chosen for its specific capacity to independently assess safety- and danger learning in the service of characterizing putative anomalies in each type of learning among those with PD. Though no group difference in fear-potentiated startle was found at retention, acquisition results demonstrate impaired discriminative learning among PD patients as indexed by measures of conditioned startle-potentiation to learned safety and danger cues. Importantly, this discrimination deficit was driven by enhanced startle-potentiation to the learned safety cue rather than aberrant reactivity to the danger cue. Consistent with this finding, PD patients relative to healthy individuals reported higher expectancies of dangerous outcomes in the presence of the safety cue, but equal danger expectancies during exposure to the danger cue. Such results link PD to impaired discrimination learning, reflecting elevated fear responding to learned safety cues.