家庭功能与青少年问题行为关系的追踪研究

选取北京市三所中学620名初一和初二的学生为被试,采用追踪调查的方式,先后两次(间隔为九个月)让被试报告其家庭功能和问题行为,以探讨青少年家庭功能和问题行为的发展变化情况,以及家庭功能与青少年问题行为的因果关系。研究发现:(1)青少年的家庭功能和问题行为均存在一定的稳定性,但在任务完成、沟通和卷入方面存在变化,均为后测功能不如前测功能;而危害健康行为随着年龄的增长呈显著下降趋势。(2)家庭功能的每个方面均与青少年问题行为呈显著相关,即家庭功能发挥越好,青少年的问题行为也相应越少。(3)交叉滞后回归分析的结果表明,在更大程度上是家庭功能影响着少年的问题行为,进一步回归分析表明,家庭功能中的卷入维度对青少年问题行为具有显著的预测作用。     

Effects of Physical Appearance Social Comparisons and Perceived Attainability of an Ideal Body on Body Dissatisfaction and Weight-Management Behaviors Among Young Japanese Women

This study was designed to test a model in which tendencies to engage in physical appearance social comparisons and perceived ideal body attainability interact to predict body dissatisfaction, and are associated with weight-control behaviors (WCBs) as past studies have rarely examined perceived attainability in their analytic models. College women (N = 297) from two universities in Japan completed a paper-and-pencil survey. A path analysis revealed that appearance comparisons were positively associated with body dissatisfaction over and above the effects of body mass index and self-esteem. Body dissatisfaction, in turn, was positively related to low-risk, moderate-risk, and high-risk WCBs. There was a significant interaction effect between appearance comparison and attainability, but the nature of the interaction was the opposite from our expectation: the positive association between appearance comparison and body dissatisfaction was more pronounced among women who reported higher confidence in attaining an ideal body, whereas this association was nonsignificant for those with low confidence in attaining an ideal body. Finally, perceived ideal body attainability was directly and positively related to low-risk and moderate-risk WCBs.     

传统和现代视野中的自谦

自谦可以理解为是通过低调的自我呈现,以柔克刚、以弱胜强的和谐控制过程。它是文化背景、个体特征和情境变量交互作用的函数,也是由利益和情感共同驱动的。自谦主要出于"和合"、"远耻"、"隐显"的动机。自谦对于心理健康的积极意义在于,它是一种符合文化期待的自我实现方式。对于组织行为而言,自谦不能简单的理解为能改善员工自我评估和监管者评估间的一致性,而是有可能使问题更加复杂。     

健康行为改变中的社会认知因素：HAPA模型述评

HAPA是健康行为领域研究的新取向。认为改变健康行为需要两个分离的过程:动机和意志。首先,基于自我信念的基础上形成改变的意图;随意,行为改变才会被计划、引发并维持。HAPA认为,动机阶段引起行为意图,而意志阶段则产生实际行为。以自我效能为代表的社会认知因素在两个阶段起重要作用,对于健康行为的采纳、引发和维持的产生重要的预测作用。     

Health Behaviors of Childhood Cancer Survivors: What We’ve Learned

There has been a dramatic increase in the number of childhood cancer survivors due to improved cancer treatments. However, these survivors are at risk for numerous late-effects as a result of their cancer therapy. Engaging in health-protective behaviors and limiting risky health behaviors are vitally important for survivors given their increased risks and physical late-effects. For this paper, we systematically reviewed the literature on childhood cancer survivors’ health behaviors by searching for published data and conference proceedings using computerized databases and references, and summarized these results. We examined the literature describing the prevalence of a variety of health behaviors among survivors, identifying significant covariates, and describing health behavior interventions. Finally, we provided research recommendations and discussed an ongoing study designed to address some of the limitations in the existing literature. The research to date is limited and recommendations for future studies are outlined.     

The Development and Validation of the Health Proneness Questionnaire

This series of studies describes the development, validation and potential use of the Health Proneness Questionnaire (HPQ). Recent health, wellness and illness studies focus upon the dynamic interaction between psychological and physical well-being. This newly developed scale allows practitioners to quickly screen psychological characteristics related to health and a patient's perception of their quality of life. Participants were patients in university research clinics for vision problems. Through exploratory factor analysis three factors evolved related to the hypothesized psychological characteristics involved in health related quality of life: adaptability, self-efficacy and subjective well-being. In a confirmatory factor analysis, the best fit model yielded a higher-order health-proneness factor with the original three categories as sub-factors. Further criterion-related validity comparisons and discriminant and convergent validity studies indicated a psychometrically sound short survey for examining psychological characteristics of patients with mild chronic health conditions.     

大学生求职说谎行为倾向研究

采用实验的方法对当前大学生在求职过程中的说谎行为现象进行了研究。将来自不同性别、院校性质、学历、学科、家庭来源及不同就业压力感的被试791名随机分配到16种实验处理情境当中。研究发现,不同人口变量的大学生在对说谎行为的选择以及对不同说谎内容的选择上存在着不同程度的差异。     

Safety behaviors and judgmental biases in social anxiety disorder

Two experiments were conducted to examine the link between safety behaviors and social judgments in social anxiety disorder (SAD). Safety behaviors were manipulated in the context of a controlled laboratory-based social interaction, and subsequent effects of the manipulation on the social judgments of socially anxious participants (N = 50, Study 1) and individuals meeting diagnostic criteria for generalized SAD (N = 80, Study 2) were examined. Participants were randomly assigned to either a safety behavior reduction plus exposure condition (SB + EXP) or a graduated exposure (EXP) control condition, and then took part in a conversation with a trained experimental confederate. Results revealed across both studies that participants in the SB + EXP group were less negative and more accurate in judgments of their performance following safety behavior reduction relative to EXP participants. Study 2 also demonstrated that participants in the SB + EXP group displayed lower judgments about the likelihood of negative outcomes in a subsequent social event compared to controls. Moreover, reduction in safety behaviors mediated change in participant self-judgments and future social predictions. The current findings are consistent with cognitive theories of anxiety, and support the causal role of safety behaviors in the persistence of negative social judgments in SAD.     

关于中国、日本大学生应激行为的比较研究

本研究借助社会支持系统的研究成果 ,以调查法对当今大学生的应激源、应激行为及其机制进行了探讨 ,主要获得以下结果 :1中日被试具有相同的因素模型 ;2本研究采用的八类心理压力源基本上概括了当今中日大学生日常生活中出现的各类心理障碍 ;3心理压力与社会支持系统之间存在负相关 ,即 :越倾向于认为自己容易得到社会性支持系统帮助的学生 ,越不容易感受到心理压力 ;4中日大学生心理应激行为特征存在显著差异。     

Relation between coping and posttrauma cognitions on PTSD in a combat-trauma population

Individual differences in cognitive processes and coping behaviors play a role in the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Given the large numbers of combat-exposed service members returning from the Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), and Operation New Dawn (OND) conflicts, exploring individual differences in cognitive-affective processes is important for informing our understanding of PTSD etiology and early intervention in military samples. The present study examined the unique main and interactive effects of negative posttrauma cognitions (i.e., negative beliefs about self [NS], the world [NW], and self-blame [SB]) and coping strategies (i.e., positive behavioral, positive cognitive, avoidant coping, and social and emotional coping) on PTSD diagnosis within 155 (M_age = 30.7, SD = 4.48) OEF/OIF/OND combat trauma-exposed Veterans recruited from an ongoing study examining the effects of combat trauma and stress reactivity. In the final, stepwise logistic regression analysis, avoidant coping, but no other coping strategy, was significantly positively related to PTSD diagnosis in the initial step. Higher levels of NS, but not NW, were significantly associated with having a PTSD diagnosis, whereas SB was associated with decreased likelihood of PTSD, above and beyond coping strategies. A significant interaction effect was found between NS and positive cognitive coping, such that greater positive cognitive coping weakened the relationship between NS and PTSD. Examining and addressing coping behaviors and negative thoughts of self jointly may benefit assessment and intervention approaches in a combat-trauma population.