数字空间联结的工作记忆机制

大量研究证实数字空间联结是一种稳定存在的表征形式。而关于数字空间联结的机制目前仍存在较大争论,本文在系统整理了大量有关长时记忆"心理数字线"难以解释的研究后,分析总结了工作记忆在数字空间联结中的重要作用。基于多个研究任务分析了工作记忆不同成分,即中央执行、语音环路和视空模板等,在数字空间联结中的重要作用,并系统介绍了对数字空间联结的工作记忆序列位置的解释。总之,数字空间联结的工作记忆机制仍有较多需要解决的问题,具有进一步探索的广泛空间。     

视觉词汇识别中的字符位置编码

在阅读中,为了进行视觉词汇的识别,需要对字符(字母或汉字)的顺序进行编码(位置信息编码)。本文介绍了拼音文字中的字母位置编码模型,包括开放双字母组模型、空间编码模型和重叠模型,综述了拼音文字和中文词汇识别中字符位置信息编码的研究成果,并对汉字位置信息编码研究提出了展望。     

Determinants of phrasing effects in rat serial pattern learning

Two experiments investigated how brief pauses introduced into serial patterns as phrasing cues would affect pattern learning in rats. In Experiment 1, a 24-element pattern consisted of eight 3-element chunks, whereas a 20-element pattern consisted of four 5-element chunks. In both patterns, 3.0-s temporal pauses placed at chunk boundaries (synchronous phrasing cues) facilitated learning compared to no phrasing. Cues "out of sync" with pattern structure (asynchronous phrasing cues) facilitated learning for the 24-element pattern and retarded learning for the 20-element pattern. Evidence suggested that in the latter case, 3.0-s pauses served as "blank" trials that induced rats to "skip" to the next serial position in sequence. In Experiment 2, shorter 0.5-s pauses served as phrasing cues in the 20-element pattern of Experiment 1. Synchronous short cues facilitated learning, whereas asynchronous phrasing cues had no effect. Furthermore, removal of synchronous cues produced deficits in performance on formerly cued trials, whereas removal of asynchronous cues had no effect. The results of Experiment 2 support the notion that in both experiments phrasing cues served as discriminative cues and indirectly suggest that rats are concurrently sensitive to pattern element cues, extra-sequence cues (such as phrasing cues), and to the relative timing of sequential events.     

比较广告传播的作用机制及影响因素

比较广告是一种新异但颇具争议的广告形式。研究者们对比较广告的概念和传播效果已有较为统一的认识,新近研究的重点是比较广告传播的作用机制及影响其传播效果的因素。文章从比较广告的传播效果、传播机制和影响因素三方面进行了系统的考察,提出现有研究在机制探讨和影响因素控制上的一些不足,并展望了研究亚文化下比较广告的方向     

阅读速度与提要位置对不同认知方式学生信息保持的影响

本研究主要探讨阅读速度与提要位置对不同认知风格学生信息保持的影响。结果表明：读者认知方式的差异在很大程度上影响了对文章不同类型信息的保持．但对文章总回忆量没有显著影响。提要前置使场依存型读者对文章结构性信息的回忆量增多,场独立型读者对从属性信息的回忆量增多;提要后置使场依存型读者从属性信息的回忆量增多。阅读速度对文章不同类型信息和总信息量的保持均有显著影响．但在提要前置的情况下,对文章结构性信息的回忆量没有显著影响。     

汉字位置加工和词边界效应的认知机制

在中文阅读中, 为了进行词汇识别, 需要对汉字在词中的相对顺序进行加工, 即汉字位置加工。汉字位置加工是词汇识别和阅读理解的重要环节。如果汉字位置未得到加工, 可转置词将很难被区分。可转置词由相同汉字构成, 但每个汉字所处位置不同。以往研究发现, 词内汉字位置加工是比较灵活的; 而且词边界信息会影响汉字位置的加工, 即汉字位置加工存在词边界效应。该效应产生的原因及影响因素有哪些?本项目采用眼动追踪技术, 在自然阅读中系统探讨如下三个问题:(1)词的首/尾汉字如何调节汉字位置加工过程; (2)嵌套词和歧义词边界如何影响汉字位置加工; (3)语境合理性和预测性如何影响汉字位置加工的词边界效应。本项目将为首个中文汉字位置加工模型的建立提供数据支持和科学基础, 推进现有的中文词汇识别和词切分模型的进一步完善, 并为词汇的高效率教授与学习提供科学指导。     

聋人双字词音位识别的实验研究

聋人能利用视觉音素意识解码词汇语音。与健听人音位位置效应一致,聋人对汉字声母更敏感,但双字词中是否也有类似的声母优势还不清楚。采用音位识别任务探讨聋人双字词识别的声母优势及其原因,研究一利用编码方式考察指拼的作用,发现了声母识别优势,表明聋人能利用字母和指拼两种方式解码双字词语音且编码方式不影响声母优势;研究二进一步利用汉字位置探讨音位序列加工对声母识别优势的作用,结果发现了声母优势、首字优势及首字声母优势,表明聋人识别双字词音位在汉字水平、汉字音节内水平都遵循从左至右的序列加工,与健听人一致,同时还受指拼声母的特殊影响。整个研究表明,聋人识别汉字语音建立在视觉音素意识基础上,双字词的声母识别优势受指拼声母强化、双字词汉字位置效应、音节内音位位置效应的共同作用。     

Eyewitness identification in simultaneous and sequential lineups: an investigation of position effects using receiver operating characteristics

For decades, sequential lineups have been considered superior to simultaneous lineups in the context of eyewitness identification. However, most of the research leading to this conclusion was based on the analysis of diagnosticity ratios that do not control for the respondent’s response criterion. Recent research based on the analysis of ROC curves has found either equal discriminability for sequential and simultaneous lineups, or higher discriminability for simultaneous lineups. Some evidence for potential position effects and for criterion shifts in sequential lineups has also been reported. Using ROC curve analysis, we investigated the effects of the suspect’s position on discriminability and response criteria in both simultaneous and sequential lineups. We found that sequential lineups suffered from an unwanted position effect. Respondents employed a strict criterion for the earliest lineup positions, and shifted to a more liberal criterion for later positions. No position effects and no criterion shifts were observed in simultaneous lineups. This result suggests that sequential lineups are not superior to simultaneous lineups, and may give rise to unwanted position effects that have to be considered when conducting police lineups.     

Visuo-Proprioceptive Matching Errors Are Consistent with Biases in Distance Judgments

People make systematic errors when matching the location of an unseen index finger with that of a visual target. These errors are consistent over time, but idiosyncratic and surprisingly task-specific. The errors that are made when moving the unseen index finger to a visual target are not consistent with the errors when moving a visual target to the unseen index finger. To test whether such inconsistencies arise because a large part of the matching errors originate during movement execution, we compared errors in moving the unseen finger to a target with biases in deciding which of two visual targets was closer to the index finger before the movement. We found that the judgment as to which is the closest target was consistent with the matching errors. This means that inconsistencies in visuo-proprioceptive matching errors are not caused by systematic errors in movement execution, but are likely to be related to biases in sensory transformations.     

Freud and Klein in The Lion King

This paper is presented as a potential teaching resource for those starting out in their psychoanalytic understanding, whether aiming at clinical work or the academic study of psychoanalytic ideas. Some central ideas from Freud and Klein are illustrated and illuminated in an accessible way using the Disney film The Lion King. Key elements from the film are used to bring to life concepts such as infantile omnipotence, manic defences, Oedipal conflict, persecutory guilt, destructive envy, the superego, reparation and mourning. The story of Simba is taken as demonstrating universal struggles to overcome Oedipal rivalry and destructive envy in order to reach maturity.