Foot Position Tends to be Sensed as More Medial Than the Actual Foot Position

ABSTRACT

Participants placed different parts of their foot as close as possible to a target line without stepping onto it while wearing modified goggles that obscured their view of their feet. Once they felt that their foot was appropriately placed, the distance between their foot and the target line was measured. Participants tended to step 20–30 mm over the target line when asked to place the most lateral part of their foot near the target line and tended to place their foot 20–30 mm away from the target line when asked to place the most medial part of their foot near the target line. These results indicate that the placed feet shifted more laterally than sensed, which may explain unexpected tripping during walking.     

智能医学算法决策的伦理困境及风险规制

智能医学呈现出难追溯性、不公平性、过程难以理解性、结果不确定性和数据驱动性的技术特征。上述特征与诊疗场景特性的融合交叠可能诱发医生主体地位被削弱、医患信任危机、医疗资源分配不均加剧以及诊疗结果不确定性增加等风险。为有效防范智能算法的决策风险,在智能医学应用中必须遵循以强化医生主体地位为根本出发点,以降低医患信任危机为主导,以平衡资源分配为方向和以增加诊疗结果确定性为目标的伦理规制。

     

藏-汉读者汉语歧义句加工的歧义效应及语境促进效应

采用眼动技术,通过两个实验,考察藏-汉读者阅读汉语歧义句时的歧义效应以及语境在句子歧义消解中的作用。结果发现:藏-汉读者在阅读汉语歧义句时存在歧义效应; 语境对歧义消解起促进作用,表现为,当语境置于歧义句之前或语境意义偏向歧义句主要意思时,藏-汉读者对歧义句的加工更容易。并且,歧义效应和语境促进效应贯穿于早期阶段到晚期阶段的整个句子加工过程。     

Sequential responding to arabic numerals with wild cards by the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)

One adult female chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) was trained to respond serially to three arabic numerals between 1 and 9, presented on a cathode-ray-tube (CRT) screen. To examine the factors affecting her sequential responding behavior, wild-card items were added to the three-item sequences. When this wild-card item remained until the subject responded to the last numeral (i.e., the terminator condition), her response to the terminator at each point of the sequence was controlled by the ordinal distance between numerals. Thus, the number of responses to the terminator increased as the ordinal distance between numerals increased. When the wild-card item was eliminated by the subject’s response (wild-card conditions), the probability of responses to the wild card before the first numeral increased as a function of the serial position of the first numeral. These results were consistent with previous studies of response time and suggest both serial position and symbolic distance effects. It is suggested that the subject might form the integrated 9-item linear representations by training of possible subsets of three-item sequences. Knowledge concerning the ordinal position of each numeral was established through this training. Received: 27 October 1999 / Accepted: 22 November 1999     

Contributors to this issue

Judith Hubback
Roman Lesmeister
Wendy Wyman-McGinty
Hester McFarland Solomon
Elizabeth Urban
Barbara Wharton     

缺位与越位的思考——医疗保健体制改革的定位

政府的缺位和医院的越位是目前医疗体制改革的症结所在。政府将医院推向市场,意味着政府放弃医疗的社会保障职能。医院失去政府的约束和支持,逐利将成为其必然行为。平价医院只是缓和矛盾的一时之计,只要医院不退出市场,看病难、看病贵就难有灵丹妙药,医患关系也将难以和谐。     

Effects of barbiturates and other sedative hypnotics in pigeons trained to discriminate phencyclidine from saline.

Pigeons were trained to peck the center key (lighted white) of three response keys to turn off the center keylight and to light one of the side keys with a red keylight and the other side key with a green keylight. Five responses (fixed-ratio component) on either side key relighted the center key. Food was delivered following 10 fixed-ratio components on the red key if 1.5 mg/kg phencyclidine had been given before the session. The position of the red and green keylights on the side keys varied randomly each time they were lighted by a peck on the center key. Subsequently, increasing doses of phencyclidine, barbital, amobarbital, phenobarbital, methaqualone, methyprylon, diazepam, oxazepam, and d-amphetamine were substituted for the training dose of phencyclidine, using a cumulative dosing procedure. At low doses of the sedative hypnotics, birds pecked the keylight color associated with saline. At higher doses, birds pecked both key colors. At the highest doses of pentobarbital and amobarbital, some birds responded almost exclusively On he color associated with phencyclidine. When responding on keys of both colors occurred following administration of phencyclidine or other sedative hypnotics, this responding was controlled by key position rather than by key color.     

The Irrationality of Choosing Egoism—A Reply to Eshelman

Despite the vast literature on Rawls's work, few have discussed his arguments for the value of democracy. When his arguments have been discussed, they have received staunch criticism. Some critics have charged that Rawls's arguments are not deeply democratic. Others have gone further, claiming that Rawls's arguments denigrate democracy. These criticisms are unsurprising, since Rawls's arguments, as arguments that the principle of equal basic liberty needs to include democratic liberties, are incomplete. In contrast to his trenchant remarks about core civil liberties, Rawls does not say much about the inclusion of political liberties of a democratic sort – such as the right to vote – among the basic liberties.

In this paper, I complete some of Rawls's arguments and show that he has grounds for including political liberties, particularly those of a democratic nature, in the principle of equal basic liberty. In doing so, I make some beginning steps toward illustrating the genuinely democratic nature of Rawls's arguments. Rawls believes that a few different arguments can be given for democratic institutions and that these arguments work together to support the value of democracy. In this paper, I focus on Rawls's arguments relating to self-respect. I focus on this set of arguments because they are among the strongest of Rawls's arguments for equal political liberty and its fair value.     

数字空间联结的工作记忆机制

大量研究证实数字空间联结是一种稳定存在的表征形式。而关于数字空间联结的机制目前仍存在较大争论,本文在系统整理了大量有关长时记忆"心理数字线"难以解释的研究后,分析总结了工作记忆在数字空间联结中的重要作用。基于多个研究任务分析了工作记忆不同成分,即中央执行、语音环路和视空模板等,在数字空间联结中的重要作用,并系统介绍了对数字空间联结的工作记忆序列位置的解释。总之,数字空间联结的工作记忆机制仍有较多需要解决的问题,具有进一步探索的广泛空间。