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41.
This paper addresses recent examples of militant atheism. It considers the theistic reply that describes atheism as deriving
from a “God-shaped hole” in the human soul. The paper will argue that American pragmatism offers a middle path that avoids
militant atheism without suffering from this problem. The paper describes this middle path and considers the problem that
is seen in Rorty’s recent work: how the pragmatist can remain critical of religious fundamentalism without succumbing to a
militant version of atheism. The solution proposed is tolerant acceptance of religion along with melioristic criticism developed
within shared norms of inquiry. 相似文献
42.
James M. Joyce 《Synthese》2007,156(3):537-562
Richard Jeffrey long held that decision theory should be formulated without recourse to explicitly causal notions. Newcomb
problems stand out as putative counterexamples to this ‘evidential’ decision theory. Jeffrey initially sought to defuse Newcomb
problems via recourse to the doctrine of ratificationism, but later came to see this as problematic. We will see that Jeffrey’s
worries about ratificationism were not compelling, but that valid ratificationist arguments implicitly presuppose causal decision
theory. In later work, Jeffrey argued that Newcomb problems are not decisions at all because agents who face them possess
so much evidence about correlations between their actions and states of the world that they are unable to regard their deliberate
choices as causes of outcomes, and so cannot see themselves as making free choices. Jeffrey’s reasoning goes wrong because
it fails to recognize that an agent’s beliefs about her immediately available acts are so closely tied to the immediate causes
of these actions that she can create evidence that outweighs any antecedent correlations between acts and states. Once we
recognize that deliberating agents are free to believe what they want about their own actions, it will be clear that Newcomb
problems are indeed counterexamples to evidential decision theory. 相似文献
43.
Reading disabled and nondisabled children (13-14 years of age) were presented lists of 10 words each at different rates (one word per 1, 2, and 4 sec), and immediately after the last word of each list they recalled the words in any order. Recall of the first few words presented from each list (the primacy effect) was lower in reading-disabled than nondisabled children, and slower presentation rates increased the primacy effect in both groups. These findings suggest that reading-disabled children are not completely failing to use elaborative encoding but are using less effective elaborative encoding than nondisabled readers. With all presentation rates, recall of the last few words (the recency effect) was comparable in both groups, suggesting that older reading-disabled children encode and recognize the stimuli and that elaborative encoding is deficient in reading-disabled in spite of adequate stimulus encoding and recognition. 相似文献
44.
Language function and dysfunction among Chinese- and English-speaking polyglots: Cortical stimulation, Wada Testing, and clinical studies 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Language functions in a group of Chinese- and English-speaking polyglots living in a multiracial society have been investigated by several methods: the effects of cortical stimulation on object-naming and reading tasks in patients who required awake craniotomy, lateralization of cerebral dominance for speech by the Wada Test, and the pattern of language loss and recovery following stroke. The data indicate that these polyglots were all left hemisphere dominant for the languages tested: no consistent evidence for increased participation by the right hemisphere for language functions was found. The cortical stimulation experiments provided data most compatible with the "differential localization" model of cerebral localization in bilingualism. The variable which most influenced performance in all of these investigations was which language was used primarily for speaking as well as reading and writing at the time of the study. 相似文献
45.
Richard J Harris 《Journal of experimental child psychology》1975,19(3):420-433
Four tasks were given to children from 4–12 to test their comprehension of complex sentences containing main verbs taking underlying sentences as their complements (Sally knew that she was early). In an imperatives task, very young children interpreted only the complement verb and ignored the complex verb. In a short-term memory task, sentences with two negations usually lost the second not in recall. In direct questioning and anomaly-detection tasks, children tended to make pragmatic inferences and excessively depend on knowledge about the world, as opposed to linguistic information. Overall results showed that even sixth graders had not yet attained adult-level comprehension of complex sentences. 相似文献
46.
Expectancy theory predictions were tested using a sample of engineers who had been rated on dimensions of work motivation or effort (in contrast to performance) using the behaviorally based rating scales designed by Landy and Guion (1970). It was found that the expectancy model was only weakly upheld for an older (41 or older) age subgroup, while few relationships were observed for a younger (below 41) age group. Also, the motivational behavior scales did not show any enhanced predictability when compared to a more global rating of job performance. 相似文献
47.
Several current models for choice- or discrimination-time experiments represent the stimulus as a sequence of independent and identically distributed observations. This paper develops and compares models based on two different stopping rules that a subject might use to terminate his sampling process and convert his perceptual evidence into an observable response. The fixed and optional stopping rules yield different predicted forms for the speed/accuracy tradeoff function and for the relation between mean and variance of response times. These predictions are developed in the general case and then specialized for certain conditions of symmetry, so that the expressions are easier to apply and to compare between models. A later section considers how changes in stopping criteria (either between or within experimental trials) affect predictions about mean response times for correct responses and errors, and then uses these ideas to relate the optional stopping rule for the Random Walk models to those of the Accumulator models. A final section considers specialized models for stimulus detection and intensity discrimination that assume Poisson-distributed sensory input, and relates these models to the present fixed stopping model. 相似文献
48.
49.
This study examined the relationship between illusory changes of repeated words (“verbal transformations” or VTs) and illusory presence of phonemes replaced by noise (“phonemic restorations” or PhRs). Separate groups of 20 subjects were each presented with one of four taped variations of the repeated stimulus word “magistrate”: stimulus intact (MAGISTRATE); speech sound “s” removed and replaced with a silent gap (MAGI TRATE); speech sound “s” removed and replaced with a louder extraneous sound (MAGI1TRATE); syllable “gis” removed and replaced with a louder extraneous sound (MA71TRATE). The stimuli MAGI1TRATE and MA71TRATE evoked PhRs, and with these stimuli, the phonetic changes corresponding to VTs were concentrated at the perceptually restored portions of the word. It is suggested that both PhRs and VTs are related directly to perceptual processes employed normally for the correction of errors and resolution of ambiguities in speech. Other effects of PhRs upon VTs are described and implications of these findings for mechanisms underlying speech perception are discussed. 相似文献
50.
Richard J Klimoski 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》1973,3(1):103-113
This study focuses on an instrument that appears useful for career guidance or job assignment purposes — the Biographical Data Blank. Responses of three groups of engineers (holding research and development, management, and nonengineering positions) to a life history questionnaire were analyzed. Results indicate that groups could indeed be differentiated using response patterns. In addition, items defining these patterns were related to demands of actual career paths chosen. 相似文献