通道估计可靠性先验知识在早期的知觉加工阶段影响多感觉信息整合

统计最优化理论认为, 在多感觉信息整合的过程中, 大脑是以加权平均的方式将多个感觉通道的信息整合为统一的感觉信息, 通道信息的利用权重根据各通道信息的可靠性来确定。近期的几个行为研究结果则显示, 有关通道估计可靠性的先验知识同样能够影响通道信息在整合过程中的利用权重。然而, 这些研究结果不能确定先验知识对多感觉信息整合的影响是发生在认知加工的感知觉阶段还是决策阶段。当前研究致力于对此问题进行探讨。实验通过赋予两种颜色字母不同的视、听一致概率(高概率、低概率), 测量并分析被试在各概率水平下对视听一致刺激的反应时。实验数据显示不同的视听一致概率能够调制对视听一致刺激的反应时。该结果揭示通道估计可靠性先验知识在早期的知觉加工阶段影响多感觉信息整合。     

Negative problem orientation (Part I): psychometric properties of a new measure

Negative problem orientation, a set of dysfunctional attitudes toward social problem-solving, has increasingly become an important construct in our understanding of deficits in problem-solving ability in daily life. Until recently, no measure was specifically constructed to assess negative problem orientation directly, other than as a subscale in a more global measure of problem-solving ability. The goal of the present study was to translate the French version of the Negative Problem Orientation Questionnaire (NPOQ), and to examine its psychometric properties. The sample consisted of 201 university students who completed five questionnaires assessing psychological distress, pessimism, components of problem-solving ability, and the NPOQ. A unitary factor structure was revealed, accounting for 54.8% of the variance. The NPOQ had excellent internal consistency, good test-retest reliability at 5 weeks, and demonstrated convergent and discriminant validity when measured against self-reported pessimism, depression, anxiety, and problem-solving ability. The findings suggest that the NPOQ is a measure with sound psychometric properties that will be a valuable tool in future research on problem orientation.     

General estimators for the reliability of qualitative data

We study a proportional reduction in loss (PRL) measure for the reliability of categorical data and consider the general case in which each ofN judges assigns a subject to one ofK categories. This measure has been shown to be equivalent to a measure proposed by Perreault and Leigh for a special case when there are two equally competent judges, and the correct category has a uniform prior distribution. We consider a general framework where the correct category is assumed to have an arbitrary prior distribution, and where classification probabilities vary by correct category, judge, and category of classification. In this setting, we consider PRL reliability measures based on two estimators of the correct category—the empirical Bayes estimator and an estimator based on the judges' consensus choice. We also discuss four important special cases of the general model and study several types of lower bounds for PRL reliability.Bruce Cooil is Associate Professor of Statistics, and Roland T. Rust is Professor and area head for Marketing, Owen Graduate School of Management, Vanderbilt University. The authors thank three anonymous reviewers and an Associate Editor for their helpful comments and suggestions. This work was supported in part by the Dean's Fund for Faculty Research of the Owen Graduate School of Management, Vanderbilt University.     

Ability estimation for conventional tests

Five different ability estimators—maximum likelihood [MLE ()], weighted likelihood [WLE ()], Bayesian modal [BME ()], expected a posteriori [EAP ()] and the standardized number-right score [Z ()]—were used as scores for conventional, multiple-choice tests. The bias, standard error and reliability of the five ability estimators were evaluated using Monte Carlo estimates of the unknown conditional means and variances of the estimators. The results indicated that ability estimates based on BME (), EAP () or WLE () were reasonably unbiased for the range of abilities corresponding to the difficulty of a test, and that their standard errors were relatively small. Also, they were as reliable as the old standby—the number-right score.     

执行功能可分离性及与年龄关系的潜变量分析

应用潜变量分析研究抑制优势反应、记忆刷新和注意转换三种执行功能的可分离性,以及与年龄的关系。被试为18~85岁的健康成年人142名,完成九项执行功能任务。结果显示：本研究设计的九项执行功能任务有较好的信度;验证性因子分析显示,九项任务与对应执行功能间的因子负荷较高（汇聚性效度好）,而不同执行功能间的相关较低（鉴别性效度好）;在此基础上建立了三种执行功能及其与年龄关系的潜变量分析模型。研究结果表明,执行系统不是单一的认知结构,可以分离为若干相对独立的执行加工过程。     

应付方式量表的初步编制

编制应付方式问卷 ,并获得该量表的初步常模。来自全国 6个地区的 114 4名被试完成了有效测试 ,其中男性 5 5 9人 ,女性 5 85人 ,平均年龄 31.0 3± 7.99岁。结果 :(1)人们的应付方式主要有 4种类型 :即针对问题积极应付、否认与心理解脱、情感求助与宣泄、回避问题转移注意。 (2 )该量表具有良好的信度和效度 ,达到心理测量学的有关要求 ,可以作为评估应付活动的工具。 (3)初步提供了该量表的成人常模 ,并对应付方式在性别和年龄上的差异进行了讨论。     

用结构方程建模(SEM)估计概化理论(GT)中的评分者信度

评分者的信度分析 ,已从经典测量理论的方法 (Kendall和谐系数 )发展为基于现代测量理论 (如GT)的方法 ,但由于GT中方差分量估计的工具和途径有限 ,使该方法的推广受到限制。本文介绍了结构方程建模 (SEM )估计GT中方差分量的必要性及原理 ,并通过对某省直国家机关公务员录用考试结构化面试的评分者信度分析 ,阐述用SEM估计概化理论中不同设计下的评分者信度研究     

中学生学习成功感量表的初步研究

在访谈、开放式问卷等的基础上,自编了中学生学习成功感量表,并对上海市随机抽取的642名中学生进行了测量。结果表明：该量表的49个项目均有较好的区分度;四个分量表之间的相关表明该量表的建构是正确的;因素分析表明成功感分量表可以分为：与学习本身有关的积极情感、与他人有关的积极情感、满意感和学业自我效能感四个因子;该量表有较高的信度和效度,可以作为评鉴中学生学习成功感的有效工具。     

生命意义问卷(修订版)在初中生群体中的信效度:留守与非留守学生的比较分析

检验生命意义问卷(修订版)在初中生群体中的信效度,并比较了留守与非留守学生在测量学指标上的差异。采用生命意义问卷(修订版)、超越意义量表、情感调节量表、Rosenberg自尊量表和幸福感指数量表对1300名初中生进行调查,其中有636名留守初中生。探索性因素分析、平行分析和最小平均偏相关分析均表明该量表为双因子结构,验证性因素分析与各类群体拟合良好;与上述效标变量均有显著的正相关;在性别和是否留守学生变量上,个别条目表现出一致性或非一致性条目功能差异;总量表、追寻和拥有意义分量表的δ系数都大于0.9。生命意义问卷(修订版)具有在初中生和留守初中生中均有良好的信效度;可以忽略在性别和是否留守学生变量的条目功能差异;问卷辨识度较高。     

Sinnott-Armstrong,Walter, ed., Moral Psychology,Volume 3. The Neuroscience of Morality: Emotion,Brain Disorders,and Development,Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008, pp. xix + 569, US $30 (paperback)

Many take the claim that you cannot ‘get’ an ‘ought’ from an ‘is’ to imply that non-moral beliefs are by themselves incapable of justifying moral beliefs. I argue that this is a mistake and that the position that moral beliefs are justified exclusively by non-moral beliefs—a view that I call moral inferentialism—presents an attractive non-sceptical moral epistemology.