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641.
Gefenas E 《Science and engineering ethics》2007,13(3):281-288
This paper attempts to provide a broader view into the ethical issues surrounding the field of emergency medicine (EM) research.
It starts from defining bioethically relevant features of EM and presents this field in the context of different models of
health care provider–patient relationship. The paper also provides a short overview of the “post-Nuremberg” evolution of the
main international research ethics guidelines relevant to EM research which demonstrates a tendency of liberalization of research
on incapable persons. This tendency culminates with the exceptions to informed consent for EM research which is supposed to
be balanced by other research ethics principles, especially a careful rationing of risks and benefits. This finally brings
us towards a critical analysis of the minimal risk standard which is one of the main fundamental safeguards in EM research.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at The 7th International Conference on Bioethics on “The Ethics of Research
in Emergency Medicine”, held on June 2, 2006, Warsaw, Poland. 相似文献
642.
科技对社会的影响日益加强的同时,人们也逐渐意识到科学的发展不能脱离人们对价值和伦理的判断。本质上,管理科学或运筹学仍然是一种人文科学。事实上,许多管理科学家都提倡伦理主义,主张把社会的和伦理的关注纳入传统的“理性”技术和管理决策。通过联合两者进行分析,可以拉近管理科学或运筹学和商业伦理的关系。 相似文献
643.
One common suggestion for reducing the gap between research and practice is for academics to conduct more of their research in real organizational settings. However, there is considerable skepticism among academics about the willingness of organizations to open their doors to researchers, and among both academics and practitioners about the potential value of doing so. The present study examines how 141 successful academic research projects in real organizations proceeded from start to finish. Our results suggest that organizations may be more open to academic research than is commonly believed, and that most researchers experience few problems with participating organizations. On the other hand, most of the examined projects were not heavily collaborative, and only half of the researchers maintained organizational contact after the research was completed. Based on our findings, we offer suggestions for researchers wishing to do organizational research as well as for their organizational partners. 相似文献
644.
645.
Summary Following Mr. Bixby and some other 19th century scientist– philosophers such as Claude Bernard, relevant scientific actions
should, as a matter of primary importance, be explained with reference to the competence and not to the intentions of those
involved. The background is a reliabilist virtue approach – a widespread tendency in 19th century epistemology and philosophy
of science. Bixby’s approach includes a critique of some constructivist arguments and establishes a mutually supportive connection
to conceptions of scientific progress. 相似文献
646.
647.
Involvement of industry in academic research is widespread and associated with favorable outcomes for industry. The objective
of this study was to review empirical data on the attitudes of researchers toward industry involvement and financial ties
in research. A review of the literature for quantitative data from surveys on the attitudes of researchers to financial ties
in research, reported in English, resulted in the 17 studies included. Review of these studies revealed that investigators
are concerned about the impact of financial ties on choice of research topic, research conduct and publication, but this concern
is less among investigators already involved with industry. Researchers approve of industry collaboration and financial ties
when the ties are indirectly related to the research, disclosure is upfront, and results and ideas are freely publicized.
However, their trust in disclosure as a way to manage conflicts may reveal a lack of awareness of the actual impact of financial
incentives on themselves and other researchers.
This project was supported by grant number 5 T32 HS00086 from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, US Department
of Health and Human Services.
Dr. Glaser, Ph.D., Postgraduate Researcher, is currently Associate Specialist, Institute of Governmental Studies, UC Berkeley. 相似文献
648.
di Norcia V 《Science and engineering ethics》2005,11(2):203-219
Concern about the commercialization of research is rising, notably in testing new drugs. The problem involves oversimplified, polarizing assumptions about research and development (R&;D) and intellectual property (IP). To address this problem this paper sets forth a more complex three phase RT&;D process, involving Scientific Research (R), Technological Innovation (T), and Commercial Product Development (D) or the RT&;D process. Scientific research and innovation testing involve costly intellectual work and do not produce free goods, but rather require IP regulation. RT&;D processes involve an unrecognized IP shift from a common IP right in public goods like information and knowledge to private IP in products and other hard assets. The question then is, what kind of IP right: private or common? Since scientific research and innovation testing require openness about adverse findings, and wide, low cost diffusion of results, they require a common, inclusive IP right. Common IP is appropriate to both sharing knowledge goods and recovering the cost of production. Research is furthermore compatible with commercialization and support by other social interests. On the other hand it is incompatible with the exclusionary private IP rights that permit restrictive publication or total suppression of information. Private IP rather than commercialization conflicts with the openness requirements of scientific research and innovation testing. Commercial funding, however, is in principle compatible with research and testing, especially when regulated by a common IP right. This reflects a pragmatic view of the fundamental interconnections of knowledge and other social interests. 相似文献
649.
Starkweather CW 《Journal of Fluency Disorders》2002,27(4):355-288
This paper examines the data on which the Demands and Capacities Model (DCM) is based with the purpose of identifying areas where future research might determine consilience among genetic influences at the physiological, behavioral, and cultural levels. The determination of consilience across different levels would tend to validate the genetic influence on stuttering, but more importantly it would also sharpen the focus of researchers interested in the various possible expressions that genetic influences might have and the way in which they influence the development of the disorder.
Educational objectives: The reader will (1) learn about the distinction, as outlined in the DCM, between environmental/contextual influences on stuttering development and intrinsic/genetic influences on stuttering development; (2) learn about the concept of consilience and its usefulness in conferring validity on parallel constructs at the physiological, behavioral, and cultural levels of stuttering theory; and (3) be able to identify potential areas for research that might help in refining our understanding of the genetic influences on stuttering development. 相似文献
650.
Roberta L. Slavin 《Group》2002,26(4):297-308
This article will describe the dynamics taking place in school settings, particularly in classrooms. Literature pertaining to the use of group dynamics in classrooms will be presented. A number of significant group therapy concepts will be addressed. These will include group-as-a-whole, group structure, transference-countertransference, the school and the classroom as holding environments, and therapeutic factors. Some practical dynamic strategies that are meant to strengthen group operations in classroom will also be included. The article will be guided by the writer's personal experiences within school settings and classrooms. 相似文献