There is no agreement on how nanoethics should proceed. In this article I focus on approaches for discerning ethical issues
in nanotechnology, which is as of yet one of the most difficult and urging tasks for nanoethics. I discuss and criticize two
existing approaches for discerning ethical issues in nanotechnology and propose a network approach as alternative. I discuss
debates in nanoethics about the desirable role of ethics in nanotechnological development and about the newness of ethical
issues in nanotechnology. On basis of a critical analysis of both debates, I formulate a number of desiderata for a method
for discerning ethical issues in nanotechnology and argue that the network approach that my colleagues and I have developed
for ethical issues in research and development networks is also appropriate in nanotechnology.
Psychologists, interns, and postdoctoral fellows convened in Minneapolis May 3–5, 2007 for the 3rd National Conference of
the Association of Psychologists in Academic Health Centers (APAHC): “Psychologists in Academic Health Centers: Traditions
and Innovations in Education, Science, and Practice.” This paper reviews the development and organization of the conference,
which built upon the two previous conferences of the Association of Medical School Psychologists. The articles in this special
issue are based on a selected number of the 32 conference presentations, covering a range of timely topics that reflect the
conference theme. Participants’ positive perceptions and satisfaction with the conference reveal the value of such conferences
focused on the activities, interests, opportunities, and challenges of psychologists who work in academic health centers (AHCs)
and teaching hospitals. Moreover, the content and success of the conference underscores the importance of APAHC as an organization
serving the needs and promoting the interests of psychologists affiliated with AHCs.
The following article explores the use of creative writing techniques to teach research ethics, breathe life into case study
preparation, and train students to think of their settings as complex organizational environments with multiple actors and
stakeholders. 相似文献
Biomedical research has increased in magnitude over the last two decades. Increasing number of researchers has led to increase
in competition for scarce resources. Researchers have often tried to take the shortest route to success which may involve
performing fraudulent research. Science suffers from unethical research as much time, effort and cost is involved in exposing
fraud and setting the standards right. It is better for all students of science to be aware of the methods used in fraudulent
research so that such research can be detected early. Biomedical research is one area that seems to have attracted maximum
numbers of fraudulent researchers; hence this article devotes itself to biomedical research scenario. 相似文献
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia which is estimated to impact 350,000 people over 65 years of age in
Canada. The lack of effective treatment and the growing number of people who are expected to be diagnosed with Alzheimer’s
disease in the near future are compelling reasons why continued research is in this area is necessary. With additional research,
there needs to be greater recognition of the complexity of seeking ongoing informed consent from those with Alzheimer’s disease.
This complexity is because the impairment of memory and cognitive ability does not diminish in a linear manner, but rather
fluctuates between periods of impairment and relatively normal cognitive lucidness. There is limited discussion in the guidelines
of those progressing from early stages of Alzheimer’s disease who have intermittent cognitive function. Guidelines to research
and Research Ethics Boards require further development to facilitate researcher including those with Alzheimer’s disease while
protecting this growing pool of potential participants. 相似文献
This paper presents Automath encodings (which are also valid in LF/λP) of various kinds of foundations of mathematics. Then it compares these encodings according to their size, to find out which foundation is the simplest.
The systems analyzed in this way are two kinds of set theory (ZFC and NF), two systems based on Church's higher order logic (Isabelle/Pure and HOL), three kinds of type theory (the calculus of constructions, Luo's extended calculus of constructions, and Martin-Löf's predicative type theory) and one foundation based on category theory.
The conclusions of this paper are that the simplest system is type theory (the calculus of constructions), but that type theories that know about serious mathematics are not simple at all. In that case the set theories are the simplest. If one looks at the number of concepts needed to explain such a system, then higher order logic is the simplest, with twenty-five concepts. On the other side of the scale, category theory is relatively complex, as is Martin-Löf's type theory.
(The full Automath sources of the contexts described in this paper are one the web at http://www.cs.ru.nl/~freek/zfc-etc/.) 相似文献
The activities of the life sciences are essential to provide solutions for the future, for both individuals and society. Society
has demanded growing accountability from the scientific community as implications of life science research rise in influence
and there are concerns about the credibility, integrity and motives of science. While the scientific community has responded
to concerns about its integrity in part by initiating training in research integrity and the responsible conduct of research,
this approach is minimal. The scientific community justifies itself by appealing to the ethos of science, claiming academic
freedom, self-direction, and self-regulation, but no comprehensive codification of this foundational ethos has been forthcoming.
A review of the professional norms of science and a prototype code of ethics for the life sciences provide a framework to
spur discussions within the scientific community to define scientific professionalism. A formalization of implicit principles
can provide guidance for recognizing divergence from the norms, place these norms within a context that would enhance education
of trainees, and provide a framework for discussing externally and internally applied pressures that are influencing the practice
of science. The prototype code articulates the goal for life sciences research and the responsibilities associated with the
freedom of exploration, the principles for the practice of science, and the virtues of the scientists themselves. The time
is ripe for scientific communities to reinvigorate professionalism and define the basis of their social contract. Codifying
the basis of the social contract between science and society will sustain public trust in the scientific enterprise. 相似文献
The Committee for Ethics in Science and Higher Education (CESHE) was created in Croatia as a national body appointed by the
Parliament. Thus Croatia became one of a handful of countries with national means of responding to allegations of scientific
misconduct. The Committee’s duties, with the help of the Ethics Code, include promotion of ethical norms and values in science
and higher education. The CESHE will work on cases of possible research misconduct and alleged disregard for the ethical norms
associated with research. 相似文献