中文双字词Stroop现象实验研究

本研究在标准的 Stroop任务中引入中文双字颜色词 ,结果发现 :1无论是单字词还是双字词都产生了显著的 Stroop干扰效应和促进效应 ,双字词的反应时模式同单字词相同。这表明语言学意义上的中文词是一个知觉加工单元 ,无论它由一个字组成或由两个字组成。 2无论是单字词还是双字词 ,Stroop促进效应和干扰效应相同 ,相对于控制条件呈一种对称关系。这一结果同国外的有关发现不同 ,表明作为表意文字的汉字同西方拼音文字具有不同的信息加工特点。     

否定情绪词的具身动态模拟过程

实验1和实验2分别以“（不）+积极/消极情绪词”和“（不）+愤怒/悲伤情绪词”形式的情绪词语或否定短语作为实验材料,分别采取词-图匹配范式和趋近-回避范式,以否定加工的早期（250ms）和中后期（1000ms）两种探测时间,探讨否定对情绪词效价与动机维度加工是否符合否定的两步模拟假设。结果发现,否定情绪效价部分符合否定的两步模拟假设,早期以被否定的情绪状态模拟为主,即不高兴会首先激活高兴;中后期,否定消极词和积极词都被理解为积极;否定情绪动机维度并不符合否定的两步模拟假设,否定对愤怒与悲伤的趋近－回避的影响出现在否定加工中后期,否定改变愤怒的动机方向,由趋近变为回避,却没有改变悲伤的动机方向,悲伤仍表现为回避。本研究证明否定对情绪词的效价和动机维度部分符合两步模拟假设,否定情绪词有其特定的加工过程,各维度加工有所不同。     

Why Choo‐Choo Is Better Than Train: The Role of Register‐Specific Words in Early Vocabulary Growth

Across languages, lexical items specific to infant‐directed speech (i.e., ‘baby‐talk words’) are characterized by a preponderance of onomatopoeia (or highly iconic words), diminutives, and reduplication. These lexical characteristics may help infants discover the referential nature of words, identify word referents, and segment fluent speech into words. If so, the amount of lexical input containing these properties should predict infants’ rate of vocabulary growth. To test this prediction, we tracked the vocabulary size in 47 English‐learning infants from 9 to 21 months and examined whether the patterns of growth can be related to measures of iconicity, diminutives, and reduplication in the lexical input at 9 months. Our analyses showed that both diminutives and reduplication in the input were associated with vocabulary growth, although measures of iconicity were not. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that phonological properties typical of lexical input in infant‐directed speech play a role in early vocabulary growth.     

Regional brain activity during face and word discrimination: simultaneous recording of event-related potentials and positron emission tomography

In order to clarify the brain mechanisms involved in the recognition of faces, words, and figures, spatiotemporal analyses were carried out with event-related potentials (ERPs) and positron emission tomography (PET) in normal subjects. In the first experiment, we analyzed the ERPs of eight normal subjects under a passive habituation paradigm using pictures of faces and letters. In the second experiment, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) measured using PET was obtained simultaneously with the ERP recordings during a continuous performance task (CPT) in 12 normal subjects. This required the active discrimination of famous people's faces, meaningful words consisting of two Japanese hiragana characters, and simple geometric figures. There were similar deflections in the global field power (GFP) in the first 200 ms of the passive and active tasks, regardless of type of stimuli. This suggests a common time course in the visual information processing mechanisms during the preattentive stage. Mesiotemporal activity, dominant on the right, was seen during the face discrimination task in both the PET results and the ERP topographies. In the word task, activity that was clearly dominant on the left was observed at around a 160 ms latency in the posteriotemporal region of the ERP topography and this again coincided well with the PET data. The spatiotemporal resolution of the analyses was improved by combining PET and topographic ERP studies, and this provided additional neurophysiological information concerning cognitive processing.     

重复启动作业中词的语义透明度的作用

用词素重复启动的方法考察合成词的心理表征。目标刺激为２４个语义透明度词、２４个不透明词以及４８个非词（都是两个字）。启动刺激有５种：（１）目标词本身,（２）目标词的第一词素,（３）目标词的第二词素,（４）由目标词的两个词素颠倒后形成的非词,（５）包含目标词的一个词素的非词。启动刺激的呈现时间是１００毫秒,随后是目标刺激４００毫秒。被试的任务是尽快准确地按键判断目标刺激是否是一个词。研究发现,（２）、（３）、（５）条件下的重复启动中,透明度表现出显著的效应：透明词的启动量显著大于不透明词。结果支持合成词的表征受语义透明度的影响,透明词和不透明词的词素和整词在心理表征中的关系可能不同：前者是一种兴奋性的连接,后者是一种抑制性的连接。     

不同时间关注点下的空间-时间联合编码效应

摘 要 本研究旨在探讨时间关注特征对空间-时间反应编码联合效应的影响。采用时间关注点量表将有效被试分为关注过去组和关注未来组,进行反应区分实验。实验代表过去或未来的时间词作为启动刺激,要求被试判断的目标刺激是随后出现在屏幕左或右侧的圆点。结果发现,关注过去的个体对“左/过去词”的反应更快,关注未来的个体对“右/未来词”反应更快。表明时间关注点影响人们的空间-时间联合编码效应,不同的时间关注点产生人们对于过去和未来时间在注意分配上的差异,从而表现出不同的空间表征方式,在“左-右”水平轴上验证了时间关注点假设。     

权力对认知的影响：启发式还是分析式？

摘要：权力对信息加工方式的影响成为权力领域研究的新焦点。一般认为,权力使得个体减少对他人和环境的依赖,进而引发简单化的信息加工取向,高权力者常因认知懒惰而采用启发式信息加工策略,然而这与现实情境中高权力者面对复杂的决策环境、做出较好的决策结果的情况不符。事实上,权力既可能产生启发式认知也可能产生分析式认知,但都更受情境的影响。文章从双系统模型的视角对信息加工过程中权力效应的研究进行梳理,并探讨了权力引发不同信息加工方式的调节变量。最后,文章从权力对认知影响的内在机制、角色分配、权力动态变化对认知影响等方面,讨论了现有现有研究的不足,并分析探讨了该领域今后的研究趋势。     

语言标识对情绪体验的影响

本研究通过两个实验考察了语言标识对个体情绪体验的调节作用。实验一探讨了中性标识对不同类型的情绪体验的影响,结果发现与韩文字符标识相比,中性双字词标识时被试对负性图片的消极情绪体验强度显著降低。实验二进一步探讨了不同情绪色彩的词语的标识效应,结果发现与中性标识相比,负性或正性标识时被试对负性图片的消极情绪体验程度更低。结果表明了语言标识对负性情绪体验具有显著的调节作用,并且标识效应的产生依赖于词汇语义信息的通达。     

Goblet Words and Indeterminacy：A Writing Style that Is Free of Commitment

The Zhuangzi is a collection of ancient Chinese anecdotes and fables that serves as a foundational Daoist text. The style in which it is written is significant because it obscures rather than reveals the text’s philosophic positions. If the text cannot be translated into plain language while preserving its content, as the Mozi or the Mencius generally can be, then the writing style is not merely rhetorical. The style is itself indispensable to the content. In this study, I analyse a linguistic device mentioned in the Zhuangzi and use it to reflect the text’s writing style—namely, “goblet words” (zhi yan 巵言). I argue that various logical forms of goblet words defy the act of fixing a definite answer in any conceptual distinction or disputation. The forms, which include dilemmatic questions, oxymora and double denial, all serve to preserve indeterminacy. Reading goblet words may affect readers by making them more open-minded towards distinctions. However, readers cannot ascertain that the text’s authors produced this effect intentionally. Therefore, the text may cause readers to be open-minded while the authors remain free of commitment.     

网络相关文字刺激和压力对网络成瘾者线索诱发渴求的影响

渴求感特别是线索诱发渴求是成瘾行为维持和戒断失败的主要原因。本研究通过两个实验分别探讨了网络相关文字刺激和压力对网络成瘾者线索诱发渴求的影响。研究一以25名网络成瘾大学生为被试,以网络相关和中性词语为实验材料,采用线索暴露范式（Cue-reactivity Paradigm）的研究发现,只有网络相关文字刺激能显著诱发网络成瘾者的渴求感。在此基础上,研究二以40名网络成瘾大学生为被试,以公开演讲范式为压力诱发情境,以网络相关词语和中性词语为实验材料,采用线索暴露范式（Cue-reactivity Paradigm）的研究发现,在压力条件下,网络相关文字能诱发网络成瘾者更为强烈的渴求感。本研究深化了对网络成瘾形成维持心理机制的研究,也为网络成瘾的干预矫正提供了思路。