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161.
A chasm divides the huge corpus of maze studies found in the literature, with animals tested in mazes on the one side and humans tested with mazes on the other. Advances in technology and software have made possible the production and use of virtual mazes, which
allow humans to navigate computerized environments and thus for humans and nonhuman animals to be tested in comparable spatial
domains. In the present experiment, this comparability is extended even further by examining whether rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) can learn to explore virtual mazes. Four male macaques were trained to manipulate a joystick so as to move through a virtual
environment and to locate a computer-generated target. The animals succeeded in learning this task, and located the target
even when it was located in novel alleys. The search pattern within the maze for these animals resembled the pattern of maze
navigation observed for monkeys that were tested on more traditional two-dimensional computerized mazes. 相似文献
162.
Relational operants: processes and implications: a response to Palmer's review of Relational Frame Theory
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Palmer has recently criticized Relational Frame Theory (RFT) on the grounds that it has developed data in search of a principle. In this reply, we show that he has done so by attacking fundamental concepts within behavior analysis itself, including the functional nature of an operant and contingencies of reinforcement as a behavioral process. His claim that RFT appeals to new behavioral principles to explain the development of relational operants is shown to be incorrect: As with any operant, RFT appeals to a history of contacted consistencies in contingencies across multiple ex-emplars to explain them. New principles only emerge later as a logically necessary extension of such operants if they exist--a view that Palmer failed to address or appreciate. Palmer's desire to see the use of methods other than matching-to-sample is proper but already largely satisfied in the empirical literature on RFT. We show Palmer's defense of Skinner's definition of verbal behavior to be illogical and unresponsive to the empirical challenge behavior analysis faces. Palmer's alternative common sense mediational associationistic account is another in more than a century of such accounts, all of which have failed empirically. At its root, Palmer's criticism is based on a mechanistic philosophy that is hostile to a traditional functional behavior analytic approach. 相似文献
163.
In an earlier study (Börjesson & Lind, 1996), the perception of Euclidean structure from polar projected two‐frame apparent motion sequences was studied. The results showed that Euclidean structure is not perceived. However, at larger visual angles a certain consistency in the mapping between distal and perceived structure exists. The aim of the present study was to more precisely examine how this degree of consistency varies as a function of visual angle. In Experiments 1 and 2, slant judgments of simulated and real planes indicated that the degree of consistency is a positive function of visual angle. No definite sign of a Euclidean mapping could, however, be found even in the full view condition. Experiment 3 examined texture gradients and the response method used. The results showed that texture gradients did not influence the degree of consistency of the mapping between distal and judged depth and that the response method was both reliable and valid. However, texture gradients did influence the absolute values of the slant judgments. The role of Euclidean and affine mappings of distal structure is discussed and it is proposed that the perceptually important distinction is not between affine and Euclidean mapping, but rather between two types of affine mappings—consistent and variable. 相似文献
164.
165.
The aim of this study was to explore how therapists believe they may relationally disconnect from other people and their clients, with an overall objective of developing methods for enhancing relational depth in counselling and psychotherapy. Participants were 168 trainee and practicing therapists, who listed their chronic strategies of disconnections (CSoDs) in everyday relationships, and then rated the presence of these CSoDs in their therapeutic work. Thirty-nine categories of self-reported everyday CSoDs emerged, organised into seven domains. Most prevalent were behavioural, passive and intrapsychic strategies. Over half of the CSoDs were rated as being present in therapy to a minimal extent, most commonly passive CSoDs, disingenuous CSoDs and humour. Male therapists, and trainee therapists, were most likely to identify their CSoDs as present in therapy. 相似文献
166.
Christian Gostecnik 《Journal of religion and health》2007,46(4):580-590
Sexuality, with all its expressiveness, strongly reflects the deep vibrations that exist in the human psyche. In this article,
we try to show that sexuality can also manifest itself in the darkest realm of real addiction, and, as it were, can become
a cry for salvation; and further, that sexuality is the powerful reflection of an aching body, longing for purification, and
thus, salvation. 相似文献
167.
The role of multiple-exemplar training and naming in establishing derived equivalence in an infant 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Luciano C Gómez Becerra I Rodríguez Valverde M 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2007,87(3):349-365
The conditions under which symmetry and equivalence relations develop are still controversial. This paper reports three experiments that attempt to analyze the impact of multiple-exemplar training (MET) in receptive symmetry on the emergence of visual-visual equivalence relations with a very young child, Gloria. At the age of 15 months 24 days (15m24d), Gloria was tested for receptive symmetry and naming and showed no evidence of either repertoire. In the first experiment, MET in immediate and delayed receptive symmetrical responding or listener behavior (from object-sound to immediate and delayed sound-object selection) proceeded for one month with 10 different objects. This was followed, at 16m25d, by a second test conducted with six new objects. Gloria showed generalized receptive symmetry with a 3-hr delay; however no evidence of naming with new objects was found. Experiment 2 began at 17m with the aim of establishing derived visual-visual equivalence relations using a matching-to-sample format with two comparisons. Visual-visual equivalence responding emerged at 19m, although Gloria still had not shown evidence of naming. Experiment 3 (22m to 23m25d) used a three-comparison matching-to-sample procedure to establish visual-visual equivalence. Equivalence responding emerged as in Experiment 2, and naming emerged by the end of Experiment 3. Results are discussed in terms of the history of training in bidirectional relations responsible for the emergence of visual-visual equivalence relations and of their implications for current theories of stimulus equivalence. 相似文献
168.
We present five experiments and simulation studies to establish late analogical abstraction as a new psychological phenomenon: Schema abstraction from analogical examples can revive otherwise inert knowledge. We find that comparing two analogous examples of negotiations at recall time promotes retrieving analogical matches stored in memory—a notoriously elusive effect. Another innovation in this research is that we show parallel effects for real-life autobiographical memory (Experiments 1–3) and for a controlled memory set (Experiments 4 and 5). Simulation studies show that a unified model based on schema abstraction can capture backward (retrieval) effects as well as forward (transfer) effects. 相似文献
169.
The findings of numerous preferential-reaching studies suggest that infants first respond to pictorial depth cues between 5 and 7 months of age. However, three recent preferential-reaching studies have found evidence of responsiveness to pictorial depth cues in 5-month-olds. We investigated these apparently contradictory results by conducting meta-analyses of the data from 5-month-olds who participated in preferential-reaching studies. The data from 16 samples, comprising 475 infants 5–5.5 months of age, were integrated. The results showed that the infants responded more consistently to depth relationships specified by pictorial cues under monocular than under binocular viewing conditions (p < .001), indicating that 5-month-old infants respond to pictorial depth cues. This effect remained significant (p < .001) when the individual experiments that had found significant results were omitted from the analysis. Although the majority of experiments were unable to find evidence of pictorial depth perception individually, this ability was clearly revealed when their results were combined. 相似文献
170.
Honeybees learn visual characteristics of reinforced and non-reinforced flowers in differential conditioning experiments
(i.e., experiments that require subjects to choose between a reinforced and non-reinforced flower). In this study bumble bee
foragers (Bombus impatiens) were trained in a transposition paradigm to determine if the relational properties of flowers also influence choice behavior.
Subjects in one group (group A) were trained with repeated choices between a medium-height flower replete with sucrose solution
and an empty tall flower until the medium-height flower was sampled preferentially in five consecutive trials. A second group
(group B) was trained on the medium height flower alone for five trials. In a single test trial subjects were given a choice
between the medium-height flower and a short flower, each filled with water. A control group showed no preference in this
test. Group B subjects showed a significant preference for the medium-height flower and group A subjects that exhibited flower
constancy (i.e., sampled only the medium-height flower in training trials) showed an identical pattern of choice. Subjects
in group A that sampled both flowers during training, in contrast, transposed flower height and preferred the short flower.
These results suggest that the choice behavior of bumble bee foragers is influenced by relational and absolute properties
of flowers. The flower characteristics learned by foragers appear to depend on the difficulty of the discrimination problem
and the context in which flowers are sampled. Patches of flowers limited in phenotypic variability may produce simple associative
learning and flower constancy by foragers.
Received: 17 September 1999 / Accepted after revision: 22 June 2000 相似文献