发现问题是医学创新的起点

临床医学是一门充满着创造和活力的科学,而发现问题、发现特殊性,是临床医学创新的起点.     

中医学在多元文化碰撞背景下的分化与发展

中医学在传统与现代、东方与西方等多重复杂关系交织而成的文化巨网中,几经波澜,出现了明显的分化与发展并存的局面,这是历史的必然.代表性学派有三个,分别从不同角度为中医学的生存与进步积累了资源,现在应该综合集成,创建能够满足时代诉求的新中医.     

诺贝尔科学奖与日本人的追求

诺贝尔科学奖是世界上对科学工作者最崇高、重要的奖励。事实证明,颁发此奖极有利于促进科学事业的发展。日本由技术革新到科学革新的变革,进而在新世纪的几年里连续获得诺贝尔奖,也说明科学创新的重要。     

薪酬水平和薪酬差距对企业运营结果影响的元分析

以国内外113篇企业薪酬水平和薪酬差距领域的实证研究(254个效应值, 438880家企业)为样本, 采用基于结构方程模型的元分析方法检验了企业平均薪酬水平、垂直薪酬差距和水平薪酬差距对企业创新、绩效和离职等运营结果的影响。元分析结果显示, 平均薪酬水平不仅能够显著提升企业的创新和绩效水平, 也会抑制企业内部的离职水平; 垂直和水平薪酬差距对企业绩效的主效应并不显著, 但其对企业创新具有显著的抑制作用, 并能够显著提升企业的离职水平。进一步的调节效应检验表明, 国家地域因素调节了薪酬水平与企业绩效之间的关系, 即中国企业的平均薪酬水平对企业绩效的促进作用显著高于美国企业。研究结果对于企业的薪酬管理具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Why do children lack the flexibility to innovate tools?

Despite being proficient tool users, young children have surprising difficulty in innovating tools (making novel tools to solve problems). Two experiments found that 4- to 7-year-olds had difficulty on two tool innovation problems and explored reasons for this inflexibility. Experiment 1 (N = 51) showed that children’s performance was unaffected by the need to switch away from previously correct strategies. Experiment 2 (N = 92) suggested that children’s difficulty could not easily be explained by task pragmatics or permission issues. Both experiments found evidence that some children perseverated on a single incorrect strategy, but such perseveration was insufficient to explain children’s tendency not to innovate tools. We suggest that children’s difficulty lies not with switching, task pragmatics, or behavioral perseveration but rather with solving the fundamentally “ill-structured” nature of tool innovation problems.     

中国大学生心理健康教育创新体系的构建

社会各界对于心理健康服务的需求为我国心理学带来新的发展机遇,心理学家有责任积极参与这项工作。文章介绍了为在中国构建大学生心理健康教育的创新体系所做的几项工作:(1)编写用于全国大学生心理健康教育骨干教师培训的规范教材;(2)对全国高校大学生心理健康工作骨干教师进行专业培训;(3)编写大学生心理健康教育学生读本;(4)研制中国大学生心理健康测评系统;(5)组建全国高等学校学生心理健康教育专家指导委员会。     

Predicting innovative performance through proactive personality: Examining its criterion validity and incremental validity over the five‐factor model

Innovation has emerged as a key work outcome for modern organizations. The present paper answers recent calls from several researchers for further empirical research on the validity of personality variables for predicting individual innovative performance. More specifically, it is focused on the validity of proactive personality. Using a sample of 170 software engineers and their direct supervisors from a multinational information technology firm, we found that this individual disposition represents a valid and meaningful predictor of individual innovative performance, when assessed through supervisor ratings. Further analyses have also shown that proactive personality remains a significant predictor of this criterion, when the big five factors of personality are taken into account. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are presented and discussed.     

Peer review and innovation

Two important aspects of the relationship between peer review and innovation includes the acceptance of articles for publication in journals and the assessment of applications for grants for the funding of research work. While there are well-known examples of the rejection by journals of first choice of many papers that have radically changed the way we think about the world outside ourselves, such papers do get published eventually, however tortuous the process required. With grant applications the situation differs in that the refusal of a grant necessarily curtails the possible research that may be attempted. Here there are many reasons for conservatism and reservation as to the ability of a grant allocation process based on peer review to deliver truly innovative investigations. Other methods are needed; although such methods need not be applied across the board, they should constitute the methods whereby some 10–20% of the grant monies are assigned. The nomination of prizes for specific accomplishments is one way of achieving innovation although this presumes that investigators or institution already have available the money necessary to effect the innovations; otherwise it is a question of the selection and funding of particular individuals or institutions and requiring them to solve particular problems that are set in the broadest of terms.     

A Modified ESID Approach to Studying Mental Illness and Homelessness

This paper describes 15 years of research on homelessness using a modified ESID approach. The article summarizes the results of several needs assessment studies; describes the development and evolution of alternative treatment models to assist homeless individuals with severe mental illness; summarizes results of three outcome evaluation studies; and discusses issues of treatment implementation, treatment diffusion, and dissemination.     

Necessity (not just novelty) is the mother of invention: using creativity research to improve research in work and organizational psychology

In this essay, we discuss reasons that work and organizational psychology does not live up to its self-declared mission of being an applied science in the service of improving both people’s quality of working life and organizational effectiveness. We use fundamentals of research on creativity and innovation as a lens through which we can view problems and possible solutions to these problems. In particular, we stress that innovation entails not only new, but also useful insights, that innovation requires “rewarding failure”, and that innovation feeds off of team diversity. We provide suggestions for how the definition of theoretical and empirical contributions of research, reward systems, and collaboration practices could be changed to foster innovative research that helps people thrive at work.