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32.
In the present study we considered the two factors that have been advocated for playing a role in emotional attention: perception
of gaze direction and facial expression of emotions. Participants performed an oculomotor task in which they had to make a
saccade towards one of the two lateral targets, depending on the colour of the fixation dot which appeared at the centre of
the computer screen. At different time intervals (stimulus onset asynchronies, SOAs: 50,100,150 ms) following the onset of
the dot, a picture of a human face (gazing either to the right or to the left) was presented at the centre of the screen.
The gaze direction of the face could be congruent or incongruent with respect to the location of the target, and the expression
could be neutral or angry. In Experiment 1 the facial expressions were presented randomly in a single block, whereas in Experiment
2 they were shown in separate blocks. Latencies for correct saccades and percentage of errors (saccade direction errors) were
considered in the analyses. Results showed that incongruent trials determined a significantly higher percentage of saccade
direction errors with respect to congruent trials, thus confirming that gaze direction, even when task-irrelevant, interferes
with the accuracy of the observer’s oculomotor behaviour. The angry expression was found to hold attention for a longer time
with respect to the neutral one, producing delayed saccade latencies. This was particularly evident at 100 ms SOA and for
incongruent trials. Emotional faces may then exert a modulatory effect on overt attention mechanisms. 相似文献
33.
多参照系条件下信息获取方式对绝对方位判断的影响 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
把参照系整合基础上的绝对方位判断分解成路径获取过程(目标位置信息)、自身定向过程(前行方向信息)和物体定位过程(目标物体相对于参照物体的方位信息),系统地考察了多参照系条件下信息获取方式对该任务的影响。研究以视觉形式呈现空间信息,实验1a和1b的任务中均包括上述三个过程,前者以地图的形式呈现前行方向信息、后者以语词的形式直接呈现前行方向信息;实验2有两个任务,分别独立于路径描述(定位后判断)和自身定位(定向后判断)。所有任务均为目标位置(R0o-前、R45o-左前/右前、R90o-左/右、R135o-左后/右后, R180o-后)×前行方向(北、东南西、斜方向)的组内设计、因变量为正确率和判断时间为主,共有64名大学生被试(男女各半)参与实验。发现:0o和180o位置优势效应、朝北优势效应在所有任务中都很明显;实验1和定向后判断任务中存在正方向R90o位置优势效实;定位后判断时间短于定向后判断时间,但总体所用时间上没有差异。结合信息获取的方式和可能使用到的判断策略,从绝对方位判断的认知结构上展开了讨论。 相似文献
34.
J. L. Dowell 《Philosophical Studies》2008,140(1):19-46
Frank Jackson has argued that only if we have a priori knowledge of the extension-fixers for many of our terms can we vindicate
the methodological practice of relying on intuitions to decide between philosophical theories. While there has been much discussion
of Jackson’s claim that we have such knowledge, there has been comparatively little discussion of this most powerful argument
for that claim. Here I defend an alternative explanation of our intuitions about possible cases, one that does not rely on
a priori extension-fixers. This alternative explanation provides a vindication of our reliance on intuitions, while blocking
Jackson’s abductive argument for a priori semantic knowledge. In brief, I argue that we should regard our armchair intuitions
as providing an important, a priori source of evidence for hypotheses about the contents of our implicit referential policies
with regard to our terms. But all such hypotheses have a potential falsifier that is only discoverable empirically. In other
words, gold-standard evidence for such hypotheses is always empirical.
相似文献
J. L. DowellEmail: |
35.
Ekman P. C. Tam 《Pastoral Psychology》2006,54(3):275-287
To consider a connection between the therapy model named under Virginia Satir and the practice of spiritual direction may
arouse suspicion. This paper, however, attempts to show that the link between the two is natural, sensible, and inspiring,
particularly for the part of spiritual direction. The first section of the paper first addresses the fact that spiritual direction,
with its unique focus, is not to be confused with psychotherapy, then, discusses the recognized need to seek a psychologically
sound model of spiritual direction. The second section describes some of the useful concepts in the Satir model and then relates
them to the various aspects of spiritual direction. It is believed that the Satir model of therapy can enrich the practice
of spiritual direction in a number of ways.
Ekman P. C. Tam is the Spiritual Director of Tao Fong Shan Christian Centre, Hong Kong. 相似文献
36.
客体运动方向的视觉工作记忆容量 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
记忆动态场景中多客体的特征和时空信息是人类重要的认知活动。目前有关视觉工作记忆的研究虽然广泛探讨了对视觉信息的存储容量及机制,然而所采用的刺激材料均呈现于静态场景中,且不包含运动信息。而有关多客体追踪的研究只关注动态场景中多客体信息的实时更新,而不涉及一段时间内对客体信息的保持。本研究结合视觉工作记忆领域的变化觉察范式和多客体追踪范式,以独立运动的客体为刺激材料,探讨多个客体的运动方向信息在工作记忆中的存储容量问题。结果表明,在工作记忆中能够存储大约3个客体的运动方向信息。 相似文献
37.
William M. Baum 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2024,121(1):134-143
When we treat behavior within an evolutionary framework and as temporally extended flow, two fundamental questions arise: (a) What is an organism? and (b) What is behavior? An organism is a process that stays intact by constantly exchanging energy with the environment. It takes in resources and puts out waste. The behavior of an organism consists of those process parts of the organism process that make up the exchange. These activities serve the function of reproducing, which generally depends on surviving. Surviving and reproducing depend on responding to phylogenetically important events (PIEs). A PIE induces activities that enhance or mitigate the PIE. Organisms respond not only to a PIE but also to events that covary with the PIE. Both activities and environmental features may covary with a PIE. When either type of covariance is introduced to an organism, behavior adapts over time. The early stages of adaptation constitute what researchers call “goal direction,” and the later stages constitute what researchers call “habit.” Behavior and environment constitute a dynamic system, and manipulations of the covariances and environmental features of the system allow many experimental interventions. This molar approach allows experiments on goal direction and habit to be understood without appeal to everyday mentalistic terms. 相似文献
38.
Overconfidence and underconfidence: When and why people underestimate (and overestimate) the competition 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Don A. Moore Daylian M. Cain 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》2007,103(2):197-213
It is commonly held that people believe themselves to be better than others, especially for outcomes under their control. However, such overconfidence is not universal. This paper presents evidence showing that people believe that they are below average on skill-based tasks that are difficult. A simple Bayesian explanation can account for these effects and for their robustness: On skill-based tasks, people generally have better information about themselves than about others, so their beliefs about others’ performances tend to be more regressive (thus less extreme) than their beliefs about their own performances. This explanation is tested in two experiments that examine these effects’ robustness to experience, feedback, and market forces. The discussion explores the implications for strategic planning in general and entrepreneurial entry in particular. 相似文献
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