Base Rates,Deception Detection,and Deception Theory: A Reply to Burgoon (2015)

This essay continues a debate about the relative scientific merits of the Park‐Levine Model (PLM) and Interpersonal Deception Theory (IDT) with regard to accuracy in deception detection. Key points of disagreement include (a) the degree to which message recipients are sensitive to sender veracity and (b) the extent to which interactivity moderates the veracity and base‐rate effects specified by PLM. According to PLM, people are truth‐biased, truth‐bias makes people insensitive to deception, and as a consequence, base rates affect accuracy regardless of interactivity. IDT, in direct contrast, holds that people are sensitive to the veracity of other's communication and that interactivity is a key moderator. Consistent with PLM, data repeatedly show that people are insensitive to other's veracity and that this insensitivity is general across media affordances including interactivity. This rejoinder uses Burgoon's (2015) own interactive data to demonstrate the empirical superiority of PLM over IDT.     

Interpreting effect sizes when controlling for stability effects in longitudinal autoregressive models: Implications for psychological science

Effect sizes in longitudinal studies often are dramatically smaller than effect sizes in cross-sectional studies. Indeed, autoregressive models (which are often used in longitudinal studies but not in cross-sectional studies) control for past levels on the outcome (i.e., stability effects) in order to predict change in levels of the outcome over time and thus may greatly reduce the magnitude of the effect of a predictor on the outcome. Unfortunately, however, there have been no attempts to differentiate guidelines for interpreting effect sizes for longitudinal studies versus cross-sectional studies. Consequently, longitudinal effect sizes that fall below the universal guidelines for “small” may be incorrectly dismissed as trivial, when they might be meaningful. In the current paper, we first review the present guidelines for interpreting effect sizes. Next, we discuss several examples of how controlling for stability effects can dramatically attenuate effect sizes of other predictors, in order to support our argument that the current guidelines may be misleading for interpreting longitudinal effects. Finally, we conclude by making recommendations for researchers regarding the interpretation of effect sizes in longitudinal autoregressive models.     

A Gradual Effects Model for Single-Case Designs

Single-case designs are a class of repeated measures experiments used to evaluate the effects of interventions for small or specialized populations, such as individuals with low-incidence disabilities. There has been growing interest in systematic reviews and syntheses of evidence from single-case designs, but there remains a need to further develop appropriate statistical models and effect sizes for data from the designs. We propose a novel model for single-case data that exhibit nonlinear time trends created by an intervention that produces gradual effects, which build up and dissipate over time. The model expresses a structural relationship between a pattern of treatment assignment and an outcome variable, making it appropriate for both treatment reversal and multiple baseline designs. It is formulated as a generalized linear model so that it can be applied to outcomes measured as frequency counts or proportions, both of which are commonly used in single-case research, while providing readily interpretable effect size estimates such as log response ratios or log odds ratios. We demonstrate the gradual effects model by applying it to data from a single-case study and examine the performance of proposed estimation methods in a Monte Carlo simulation of frequency count data.     

线索强度对提取练习效应的影响机制：来自ERP的证据

运用事件相关电位技术,探讨提取练习和精细加工在不同线索强度上的加工方式有何不同。结果显示：强线索词对下,二者的相继记忆效应未出现显著性的分离,出现500-700ms额叶、中央分布的模式;弱线索词对下,二者的相继记忆效应出现分离,提取条件500-700ms,700-1000ms观察到与晚期顶叶成分相似的相继记忆效应,精细加工下并没有。结果表明：提取强线索词时个体的加工方式与精细加工类似,提取弱线索词时与精细加工不同,支持情境背景理论。     

边疆大学生的去留:风险知觉和地方认同的推拉

为探究西部边疆大学生的去留意向及影响因素,采用问卷法测量557名某民汉合校大学生的去留意向、风险知觉和地方认同。结果发现:民语言班学生得分显著高于汉语言班学生;个体觉得当地风险越低、越值得放心,对当地的认同程度就会越高,继而更愿意选择留下来;地方认同的中介作用在民、汉语言班学生中是一致的。启示地方治理者需致力于营造安全的社会氛围,提升人们的地方认同,吸引更多的人进来并留下来,以促进边疆的稳定和发展。     

Eye'm lovin' it! The role of gazing awareness in mimetic desires

Recent studies showed that people evaluate objects more favorably when these objects are gazed-at by others, an effect coined as “mimetic desire”. In two studies, we tested whether mimetic desire stems from an automatic form of learning by examining one dimension of automaticity, i.e., people's awareness of the object-gaze association. Participants saw 6 neutral art paintings associated with a female gazing toward two of the paintings, away from two of the paintings, and closing her eyes with respect to the last two paintings. After the exposition phase, participants evaluated the paintings and performed a contingency-awareness test. Importantly, participants' responses on this test were genuinely driven by memory and not by inferences from liking. Results show that participants preferred objects that were gazed-at but only when they were aware of the object-gaze association. Hence, despite the adaptive function of joint attention, its impact on valence acquisition does not seem to qualify as an implicit learning process.     

不同情绪诱导条件下的自我参照效应

结合心境一致性效应和自我参照效应的经典研究范式,以情绪形容词作为学习材料,考察了情绪诱导对自我参照效应的影响。研究结果表明:(1)词的正负性对无意记忆的效果存在影响;(2)情绪形容词作为学习材料,可以引起自我参照效应;(3)情绪诱导状态影响后续的记忆加工,存在心境一致性效应;(4)情绪诱导对相异情绪特性的情绪形容词的自我参照加工均具有抑制作用。     

内隐社会认知:社会性决策的个人背景效应

通过两个实验研究了个人背景对其社会性决策的影响。实验一采用 2× 2混合设计 ,其中被试性别为组间因素 ,策略类型为组内因素 ;结果发现不同性别的被试在选择决策策略时表现出了差异 ,其中男性更倾向于选择“综合比较”的策略 ,但女性却没有表现出对策略的偏向。实验二则选择 14项个人背景资料作为自变量 ,以“才—情”决策倾向为因变量 ,进行多元逐步回归分析 ,结果发现被试的家庭所在地、性别差异以及对自己容貌的评价等变量显著地影响了决策倾向。     

大中学生四卡问题推理能力发展的实验研究

该文研究了大中学生四卡问题推理能力的发展,以及材料性质和指导语形式对这种发展的影响。结果发现：(1)具体材料上被试四卡问题的推理能力具有明显的发展趋势,高中时期是四卡问题推理能力发展的转折期。(2)存在主题促进效应。(3)指导语形式影响高中生在具体材料的四卡问题上的推理。