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131.
132.
Introducing a special issue of this journal, Youngs discussed the desirability of, but problems in realising, greater collaboration between psychology and the criminal investigation and trial processes. This paper acknowledges the value of investigative psychology's potential contribution but argues that the alleged incompatibilities, between psychology and law, are based upon too narrow a conception of law and legal action. A direct approach, with considerable potential for productive, principled, and practical research, already exists. It involves focusing on the evidence, assessing it along each of its three credentials, and identifying the nature of the inferential reasoning involved. This paper identifies a number of ways in which practical, inter‐disciplinary and collaboration could and should be developed to ensure that the courts receive quality evidence. It also argues that more attention should be paid to abductive inferential reasoning, both by researchers and courts. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
133.
Bruce D. Rapkin Elisa S. Weiss David W. Lounsbury Hayley S. Thompson Robert M. Goodman Clyde B. Schechter Cheryl Merzel Rachel C. Shelton Arthur E. Blank Jennifer Erb-Downward Abigail Williams Pamela Valera Deborah K. Padgett 《American journal of community psychology》2012,50(3-4):497-517
Dissemination efforts must optimize interventions for new settings and populations. As such, dissemination research should incorporate principles of quality improvement. Comprehensive Dynamic Trial (CDT) designs examine how information gained during dissemination may be used to modify interventions and improve performance. Although CDT may offer distinct advantages over static designs, organizing the many necessary roles and activities is a significant challenge. In this article, we discuss use of the Interactive Systems Framework for Dissemination and Implementation to systematically implement a CDT. Specifically, we describe “Bronx ACCESS”, a program designed to disseminate evidence‐based strategies to promote adherence to mammography guidelines. In Bronx ACCESS, the Intervention Delivery System will elicit information needed to adapt strategies to specific settings and circumstances. The Intervention Synthesis and Translation System will use this information to test changes to strategies through “embedded experiments”. The Intervention Support System will build local capacities found to be necessary for intervention institutionalization. Simulation modeling will be used to integrate findings across systems. Results will inform on‐going policy debate about interventions needed to promote population‐level screening. More generally, this project is intended to advance understanding of research paradigms necessary to study dissemination. Special Issue: Advances in Bridging Research and Practice Using the Interactive System Framework for Dissemination and Implementation; Guest Editors: Abraham Wandersman, Paul Flaspohler, Catherine A. Lesesne, Richard Puddy; Action Editor: Emilie Phillips Smith 相似文献
134.
Adel C Najdowski Vardui Chilingaryan Ryan Bergstrom Doreen Granpeesheh Susie Balasanyan Barbara Aguilar Jonathan Tarbox Henry Roane 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2009,42(4):827-832
Cummings and Carr (2009) compared two methods of data collection in a behavioral intervention program for children with pervasive developmental disorders: collecting data on all trials versus only the first trial in a session. Results showed that basing a child's progress on first‐trial data resulted in identifying mastery‐level responding slightly sooner, whereas determining mastery based on all trials resulted in slightly better skill maintenance. In the current replication, no such differences in indication of mastery or maintenance were observed when data were collected on all trials or the first trial. 相似文献
135.
There has been an increasing tendency for healthcare policy makers and managers to require that all forms of therapy are supported by rigorous research evidence. This paper, which has also been distributed as an Information Sheet to all members of the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP), provides a practitioner‐oriented introduction to evidence‐based practice, with suggestions for further reading on this topic. 相似文献
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137.
Malou Luchtenberg Els Maeckelberghe Louise Locock Lesley Powell A.A. Eduard Verhagen 《The American journal of bioethics : AJOB》2015,15(11):3-13
Given the lack of knowledge about safety and efficacy of many treatments for children, pediatric clinical trials are important, but recruitment for pediatric research is difficult. Little is known about children's perspective on participating in trials. The purpose of this study was to understand the experiences and motivations of young people who took part in clinical trials. This is a qualitative interview study of 25 young people aged 10–23 who were invited to take part in clinical trials. Interviews were audio or video recorded and analyzed using framework analysis. Young peoples' motivations were both personal benefit and helping others. Both incentives appeared to be more complex than expected. We introduce the terms “network of exchange” and “intergenerational solidarity” to describe these motivations. To improve recruitment, professionals should be more open about research opportunities, provide better information, and give young people feedback after the trial has ended. 相似文献
138.
Jim McCambridge 《Psychology & health》2015,30(1):72-84
The ‘question-behaviour effect’ (QBE) has attracted much recent attention within health psychology, where it has also been referred to as the ‘mere measurement’ effect. There are other conceptualisations of similar phenomena in related disciplines. This paper explores the implications of the QBE for the safety of inferences about intervention effectiveness within the context of randomised controlled trials evaluating health behaviour change interventions. It draws attention to poorly understood mechanisms by which bias is introduced with conventional thinking about trial design and analysis. The threat to valid inference on intervention effectiveness posed by the QBE applies even when its effects are small and regardless of the specific content of the QBE. The nature of the resulting bias does not fit well within existing bias classification schemes, such as that proposed by the Cochrane Collaboration. The QBE is one possible consequence of research participation and it is suggested that the social psychology of research participation is very much underdeveloped. Possible future directions for health psychology research in this area are considered. 相似文献
139.
BackgroundApproximately one-third of all fatality-injured motorcycle operators in California from 1999 through 2008 were not properly licensed to ride a motorcycle at the time of the crash. In availing themselves of a licensing system, motorcyclists are afforded the opportunity to acquire and demonstrate the minimum knowledge and skills necessary to operate motorcycles on public roadways, and licensing allows agencies to monitor their riding performance and apply appropriate sanctions, with the overall goal being enhanced safety. To that end, a randomized trial was conducted of an intervention recommended by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to increase proper motorcycle licensure.MethodsOfficial contact letters providing information about obtaining a motorcycle license, and the potential legal consequences of riding without one, were mailed to owners of currently-registered California motorcycles who were not licensed to ride motorcycles. Half of the 65,766 improperly licensed California motorcycle owners identified were randomly assigned to be mailed the contact letter while the remainder served as a no-letter control group. The groups were compared on 33-month post-treatment motorcycle licensure rates and 18-month post-treatment motorcycle crashes and traffic violations.ResultsWhile a modestly higher percentage of motorcycle owners who were mailed the contact letter became properly licensed (14.5%) than those who were not mailed the letter (10.4%), the majority (85.5%) remained improperly licensed to operate a motorcycle 33 months later. The effect of the contact letter was influenced by owner age, whereby the odds of licensure for those to whom the letter was sent increased significantly for owners aged 20–34 (21%), 35–54 (47%), and 55 and older (96%). No 18-month post-treatment differences in motorcycle crash involvements or traffic violations were found.ConclusionGiven the traffic-safety neutral outcomes and relatively low cost of treatment, official contact letters should be considered in other jurisdictions to increase proper motorcycle licensure as recommended by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Future letters may be more effective if they are tailored to the demographic characteristics (e.g., age and sex) of the owners. 相似文献
140.
消除贫困是全世界新千年的首要目标。行为经济学家和发展经济学家正借助随机控制实验和助推技术在全球范围内帮助贫困者摆脱贫困。当前采用随机控制实验帮助贫困者克服行为偏差的助推行动主要表现在帮助贫困者改善当前物质条件和提升未来保障两个方面。随机控制实验和助推技术在国内的研究和实践也有效地帮助国内贫困农民提高了身心健康水平和经济收入。未来还需加强关于随机控制实验和助推技术的外部效度检验及两者的异同点方面的研究, 并结合脱贫的内生动力制定更加简单、高效、严谨的扶贫政策和项目。 相似文献