书写习惯对数字空间表征SNARC效应的影响

本文设计两个实验,采用大小判断任务,选取读写习惯相反的维、汉大学生为研究对象,探讨两类被试对阿拉伯数字和母语数字空间表征的一致性与差异性。结果发现：（1）维、汉被试均表现出对阿拉伯小数反应左手快于右手,对大数反应右手快于左手,即出现正向SNARC效应;（2）维吾尔族被试表现出对母语小数反应右手快于左手,对大数反应左手快于右手,即对母语数字出现反向SNARC效应;汉族被试表现出对母语小数反应左手快于右手,对大数反应右手快于左手,即对母语数字出现正向SNARC效应。结论：（1）维、汉被试对于阿拉伯数字的SNARC效应存在一致性;（2）维、汉被试母语数字的SNARC效应存在差异性;（3）数字空间对应性与书写习惯是导致结果的重要因素。     

When Problems Lead to Ideas: The Roles of Daily Vigor and Social Interactions

In this study, we investigate idea generation by conducting a diary study. We hypothesized that idea generation depends on problem identification, and that this relation is moderated by two factors: (a) the number of social interactions an individual has with “non‐redundant” network connections, and (b) an individual's level of vigor. The hypotheses were tested by making use of a diary study among 31 employees of a Dutch applied university over a period of 2 weeks. Results showed that idea generation results from the identification of problems that require new ideas to solve them. An individual's number of social interactions and the level of redundancy of these social interactions moderated this relation. The level of vigor of an individual did not predict idea generation, but results suggest that vigor is needed for interacting with others. Furthermore, this study contributes to the creativity research using a new approach to look at the effects of social interactions by relating them to the overall structure of social networks.     

Talking about proportion: Fraction labels impact numerical interference in non‐symbolic proportional reasoning

Across two experiments, we investigated how verbal labels impact the way young children attend to proportional information, well before the introduction of formal fraction education. Five‐ to seven‐year‐old children were introduced to equivalent non‐symbolic proportions labeled in one of three ways: (a) a single, categorical label for multiple fractions (both 3/4 and 6/8 referred to as “blick”), (b) labels that focused on the numerator [e.g., 3/4 labeled as “three blicks” (Experiment 1) or “three‐fourths” (Experiment 2)], or (c) labels that had a complete part‐whole structure (“three‐out‐of‐four”). Children then completed measures of non‐symbolic proportional reasoning that pitted whole‐number information against proportional information for novel proportions. Across both experiments, children who heard the categorical labels were more likely to match non‐symbolic displays based on proportion than children in any of the other conditions, who demonstrated higher levels of numerical interference. These findings suggest that fraction labels have the potential to shape children's attention to proportional information even in the context of non‐symbolic part‐whole displays and for children who are not familiar with formal fraction symbols. We discuss these findings in terms of children's developing understanding of proportional reasoning and its implications for fraction education.     

Infants recognize counting as numerically relevant

Children do not understand the meanings of count words like “two” and “three” until the preschool years. But even before knowing the meanings of these individual words, might they recognize that counting is “about” the dimension of number? Here in five experiments, we asked whether infants already associate counting with quantities. We measured 14‐ and 18‐month olds’ ability to remember different numbers of hidden objects that either were or were not counted by an experimenter before hiding. As in previous research, we found that infants failed to differentiate four hidden objects from two when the objects were not counted—suggesting an upper limit on the number of individual objects they could represent in working memory. However, infants succeeded when the objects were simply counted aloud before hiding. We found that counting also helped infants differentiate four hidden objects from six (a 2:3 ratio), but not three hidden objects from four (a 3:4 ratio), suggesting that counting helped infants represent the arrays’ approximate cardinalities. Hence counting directs infants’ attention to numerical aspects of the world, showing that they recognize counting as numerically relevant years before acquiring the meanings of number words.     

How many fingers am I holding up? The answer depends on children's language background

Monolingual English‐speaking preschool children tend to process number gestures as unanalyzed wholes rather than use the one‐to‐one (finger‐to‐quantity) correspondence. By school age, however, children can use the one‐to‐one correspondence. The purpose of the present studies was to test whether children learn one‐to‐one correspondence through exposure to a variety of finger configurations to convey a single quantity. In Study 1, we compared children with exposure to multiple one‐to‐one configurations, that is, French‐English and German‐English bilingual children, to English monolingual children who see consistent representations. As predicted, the bilingual children performed better in interpreting unconventional number gestures. In Study 2, we compared Chinese‐English bilingual children who knew arbitrary one‐handed Chinese numbers gestures for quantities 6–10 to Chinese‐English bilingual children who did not know these gestures, as well as to monolingual English speakers. Chinese‐English bilinguals who knew the arbitrary gestures were more likely to interpret unconventional gestures arbitrarily (i.e., influenced by the written and/or Chinese gesture forms). These children did not differ from English monolinguals in the interpretation of unconventional gestures. These results are consistent with the argument that children can become sensitive to the one‐to‐one correspondence in number gestures with exposure to multiple configurations for the same quantity.     

Evolving conformity: Conditions favouring conformist social learning over random copying

There is a growing interest in the relative benefits to the learner of the different social learning strategies used to transmit information between conspecifics, and in the extent to which they require input from individual learning. To date, theoretical models have tended to examine the success of particular strategies in relation to specific parameters or circumstances. This study employs individual-based simulations to derive the optimal proportion of individual learning that co-exists with random copying and conformist social learning strategies in populations experiencing wide-ranging variation in levels of environmental change, reproductive turnover, learning error, and individual learning costs. Predictions derived from the literature – that optimal levels of individual learning will be higher for both strategies when the rate of environmental change is higher, and when reproductive turnover and individual learning costs are lower, are supported. Contrary to the theoretical prediction, optimal levels of individual learning are sometimes higher under higher levels of learning error, particularly when reproductive rates are low. Results for the two strategies are qualitatively similar, but demonstrate numerous parameter combinations under which random copying is fitter than conformist social learning. Contrary to established expectations, the strategy employing the lesser proportion of individual learning is not always the fittest.     

Innovative method to evaluate quality management system audit results’ using single value neutrosophic number

Using Quality Management System (QMS) enables the organization to fulfil its purpose and mission to meet customers and regulatory requirements and improve its effectiveness and efficiency on a continuous basis, Quality Audit is very critical tool to ensure that the standards, policies and/or procedures are applied in the organization as planned in QMS, in real world applications, the results of the Quality Audit process depend on the auditors’ human judgments that characterized with doubts sometimes, estimating values another times, and using general impressions in his judgment, which motivate to introduce for the first time the Neutrosophic Quality Audit (NQA) model which can be extended to manage and audit in the future. NQA will be used to enhance the way of evaluating the quality audit results while many uncertainty aspects and indeterminacy do exist, the proposed model using Single Value Neutrosophic Numbers (SVNN) which is an instance of neutrosophic set, to overcome the weakness of using a crisp value to present the result of the audit findings, in addition, using Simplified Neutrosophic Weighted Geometric Average Operator (SNWGAO), and cosine similarity degree, an illustrative example is provided to validate the proposed model.     

The tune in-and-out model: A random walk and its application to a presidential election survey

The stochastic model for the evolution of preferences proposed by Falmagne, Regenwetter, and Grofman [1997. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 41, 129-143] and tested by Regenwetter, Falmagne, and Grofman [1999. Psychological Review, 106, 362-384], as well as the alternative Thurstonian model of Böckenholt [Falmagne, J.-C., Regenwetter, M., & Grofman, B. (1997). A stochastic model for the evolution of preferences. In A. A. J. Marley (Ed.), Choice, decision and measurement: Essays in honor of R. Duncan Luce (pp. 113-131). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.], gave a good statistical account of attitudinal panel data from the 1992 US presidential election. We show, however, that both models have the defect of underestimating the number of respondents who did not change their order of preference for the candidates across different polls. We present a generalization of Falmagne et al.'s model based on the idea that some individuals may become momentarily impervious to all matters related to the campaign and ‘tune out.’ This behavior could be triggered by some personal reason or by some external event related to the campaign. Like the original model, the resulting model is a random walk, but on an augmented set of states. A respondent in a ‘live’ state behaves as in the previous model, except when receiving a ‘tune-out’ token, which effectively freezes the respondent's preference state until it is reversed by a ‘tune-in’ token. We describe and successfully test the new model on the same 1992 National Election Study panel data as those used by Böckenholt (2002) and Regenwetter et al. (1999).     

An open measurement problem of interest

This open problem urges a seach for a nice “union” of algbraic measurement models having two or more operations and probabilistic choice models. The difficulty lies in arriving at probabilistic formulations of linking properties, such as distribution properties, between the two operations. The goal is a formulation that leads to a representation theorem in terms of a random variable representation and that reduces to a known algebraic representation when there is no noise.