错误正波的神经发生源与功能意义解释

错误正波(error positivity, Pe)是指在错误反应后200~600ms后出现的事件相关电位(ERP)的正偏转, 对Pe的研究有助于揭示人类错误加工机制的全貌。现有研究表明Pe主要产生于前扣带回喙部, 但不同的研究对其精细神经发生源并没有达成一致。Pe的功能意义解释主要有错误意识假说、行为适应假说、情绪评估假说。当根据有关P3的理论来解释Pe的功能意义时, Pe可能反映了对错误背景的刷新。然而上述每一种对Pe的功能意义的解释都还受到了一些研究结果的质疑和挑战。基于此, 作者对现有研究存在的问题进行了总结和分析, 并对今后如何对Pe的神经发生源和功能意义的进一步研究提出了建议。     

视听时间再校准：适应空间与适应客体的联合及独立作用

同一事件的视听成分即使同时发生, 由于两种信息的物理传播与神经传导速度的差异, 大脑知觉到它们的时刻仍会存在一定的延迟。时间再校准指大脑可以最小化并适应这段时间延迟的现象。本研究采用“适应—测验”范式, 在适应阶段连续给被试呈现视觉先于听觉或听觉先于视觉128ms的刺激对, 在测验阶段以时序判断任务来测量被试此时主观同时点的变化。通过操纵适应及新异视听刺激对(即适应客体与新异客体)在测验阶段出现的空间位置, 探索空间与客体因素对视听时间再校准的影响。结果发现, 当适应客体出现于适应空间时, 主观同时点显著偏向了时间延迟的方向; 同样显著或边缘显著的主观同时点偏移还发生于适应客体出现于未适应空间时, 以及新异客体出现于适应空间时。研究表明, 视听时间再校准在不同空间中的表现取决于适应空间与适应客体的联合或独立作用。     

冲突观察能诱发冲突适应

重复启动效应和一致试次所占的比例都会影响冲突适应效应。采用词-色Stroop任务, 本研究在控制了重复启动效应和一致试次的比例之后, 通过三个实验共同探讨反应执行和冲突观察对冲突适应效应的影响。实验一发现当前试次的Stroop干扰效应, 但没有得到冲突适应效应; 在实验二中, 先前试次为四选一的选择反应时任务, 当前试次为词-色Stroop任务, 得到反转的冲突适应效应; 实验三和实验一程序相似, 但在先前试次上不执行反应, 得到了稳定的冲突适应效应。这些结果证明, 冲突观察能够诱发冲突适应机制, 提升当前的操作表现。     

儿童青少年自尊发展理论建构与实证研究

自尊是包含能力和价值的重要心理资源,是个体心理健康的核心。多年来,我们围绕自尊开展了一系列理论建构及其相关的实证研究。其中,理论建构包括对自尊内涵和本质的探寻、"倒立的金字塔"自尊结构模型的建构。同时,运用多种方法对个体自尊的发展进行了实证研究,包括婴幼儿早期自尊的观察研究、小学生自尊发展与学校适应的关系研究、青少年自尊发展特点横向和纵向比较、特殊群体自尊与心理健康的关系研究。最后,运用实验方法分析了诱发失败情境下自尊对不良情绪的缓冲作用,不同自尊类型被试的记忆偏向和情感反应。这些研究为丰富国内自尊领域的研究成果做出了贡献。     

面孔知觉中的适应现象

人们在比较长时间地知觉加工面孔中的性别、表情、种族、年龄等信息时, 会产生适应现象, 即对这些信息的变化更加敏感, 甚至因过度敏感而产生面孔知觉错觉。研究者创设了适应范式(adaptation paradigm)用于面孔知觉研究, 大多集中于探讨面孔各个维度知觉上怎样出现适应效应, 发现面孔适应效应受制于多种因素, 最近几年研究焦点转向了对面孔属性间关系的探索。未来研究尚需要加强面孔知觉适应的过程研究以及提高面孔适应研究的生态效度等。     

积极情感和消极情感适应的不对称性及其机制探讨

情感适应是指对重复或连续刺激的情感反应慢慢变弱的现象。近年来有关实证研究发现, 积极情感与消极情感适应在速度和程度上具有不对称性, 对适应不对称性的解释可以从进化心理学、认知心理学以及积极心理学三个视角进行。未来的研究应该进一步关注：(1)区分主观幸福感不同成分的情感适应; (2)探讨人格因素在情感适应中的调节效应; (3)完善情感适应的干预方法; (4)提高情感适应研究在时间上的精确性。     

家庭收入与青少年社会适应：家庭社会资本的中介作用

为了探讨家庭社会资本在家庭收入对青少年社会适应影响中的中介作用,选取了418名农村小学3-6年小学生作为被试,采用家庭经济压力问卷、同伴提名法、学习成绩、孤独感问卷和家庭社会资本问卷进行研究。结果表明：（1）家庭经济压力与学业成就、同伴接纳存在显著的负相关,与孤独感存在显著正相关;（2）家庭经济压力通过家庭社会资本的完全中介作用影响学业成就（中介效应值为–0.14）;（3）家庭经济压力通过家庭社会资本的完全中介作用影响孤独感（中介效应值为0.03）;（4）家庭经济压力通过家庭社会资本的完全中介作用影响同伴接纳（中介效应值为–0.07）。研究得出,家庭收入完全通过家庭社会资本来影响青少年的社会适应。     

Adaptation, evolution, and religion

Neo-Darwinian theories of religion include both nonadaptationist and adaptationist versions. Nonadaptationist versions contend that the mental architecture of the brain is wired for religious thinking but that religious concepts have piggybacked on other cognitive adaptations, especially those for agency detection. Religious concepts are not evolved biological adaptations but rather by-products of more general cognitive structures that are adaptations. Adaptationist versions concentrate on the benefits provided by religion, such as increased social cohesion and the individual benefits that stem from it, such as better physical and mental health and greater longevity. After clarifying the meaning of the terms “adaptation” and “adaptationism,” this article presents four lines of evidence in favor of the adaptationist position: (1) in the ancestral environment the role of the shaman was nearly universal and was primarily devoted to the crucial human goals of curing illness and protecting and finding vital resources; (2) religion generally has positive effects on both physical and mental health; (3) religions tend to be pro-natalist and more religious people tend to leave more offspring than less religious or nonreligious people; (4) the major world religions that evolved in the first millennium BCE during a period of major social chaos and disruption emphasized an omnipotent, transcendent God of love and mercy who offered salvation in a heavenly afterlife and released individuals from earthly suffering. None of these facts demonstrate conclusively that cognitive modules specifically oriented to supernatural agents evolved by natural selection, but they are highly suggestive and make a good inferential case.     

Long‐term immigrant adaptation: Eight‐year follow‐up study among immigrants from Russia and Estonia living in Finland

This study was a longitudinal investigation of the three different dimensions of long‐term immigrant adaptation (i.e., psychological, sociocultural, and socioeconomic adaptation) and the relationships between them in an 8‐year follow‐up with panel data. The 282 respondents were immigrants in Finland, born between 1961 and 1976, coming from the former Soviet Union. The results suggest that the adaptation of these immigrants has developed favourably. In 8 years, the respondents had improved their Finnish language skills and their position in the labour market. No differences were observed in their levels of psychological well‐being between the two assessments. Of the three adaptation dimensions assessed, sociocultural adaptation, measured as proficiency in understanding, speaking, reading, and writing Finnish, turned out to be the most significant predictor of the two other long‐term outcomes of immigrant adaptation (i.e., socioeconomic and psychological). In particular, the better the initial command of the Finnish language, the better were their socioeconomic and psychological adaptation outcomes after 8 years of residence. These results demonstrate the importance of parallel and longitudinal assessments of the different outcomes of immigrant adaptation in order to address which particular dimensions of adaptation are most critical in the beginning of acculturation in terms of determining positive development and long‐term immigrant adaptation.     

创伤性截肢的适应证与手术原则探讨

截肢是肢体严重损伤时的一个重要治疗方法,在决定截肢与肢体挽救时受到多方面因素的影响,但在相当程度取决于原发损伤的严重性。目前还没有一个明确的截肢适应证标准,需要一个客观的对肢体估价的方法以明确是否行截肢术,损毁肢体严重程度评分MESS（mangled extremity security score）有较大的临床指导意义。截肢虽是一种破坏性手术,也是一种重建与修复手术,同样遵守矫形外科手术的基本原则。当肢体损伤必须截肢时,要认真周密地设计、仔细地组织处理,在满足治疗的前提下,合理保存肢体长度,最大限度地保留患肢功能,获得较为理想的残肢,以使装配的假肢发挥最佳的功能。严格创伤截肢的标准,掌握截肢的手术原则,了解假肢的安装要求,与患者及家属的积极沟通,进行必要的会诊,是截肢手术医生必须要做到的。