Sociobiologia evolutiva: La socialización ¿Proyecto inútil?

RESUMEN

Una de las principales motivaciones del psicólogo reside en su confianza en la perfeccionalidad humana, en la posibilidad de cambio y mejora. La Sociobiología, ciencia interesada en el estudio de las bases biológicas de la conducta social tanto animal como humana, cuestiona esa posibilidad de cambio y justifica un interesado inmovilismo social, según sostiene el autor. En el presente artículo se esboza la elaboración teórica sobre la naturaleza humana desde la perspectiva de la Sociobiología, basada en la concepción del organismo -animal y humano- como un “sistema que tiene el DNA para fabricar más DNA”, según expresión de Edward Wilson. El artículo recoge las críticas que ha recibido la Sociobiología y especula con las consecuencias sociales de asumir sus postulados sobre la naturaleza humana. La Sociobiología ha hecho una identificación del animal con el hombre que merece ser matizada: se debe recordar la naturaleza social y cultural, a la vez que la biológica, del comportamiento humano. Y esto exige superar el determinismo genético.     

Lay counselors: Thoughts on the crossing of ecological frameworks and the use of lay counselors in the scale up of early infant mental health interventions

The recent call for the scale-up of evidence-based early childhood development interventions, in lower and middle-income countries and for minority groups in high-income countries, has seen numerous suggestions to train greater numbers of lay mental health workers to fulfill these functions. While studies have found that concepts from developed country settings, such as attachment, parental sensitivity, and containment, find purchase and relevance within developing settings, the management of contextual and cultural factors and the tensions of cultural interfacing in the rollout of these programs in developing country settings require consideration. Drawing on the experiences of two successful South African mother–infant home-visiting programs as examples, this article discusses some of the challenges in provision of attachment-based infant mental health programs and highlights the need for careful consideration of a number of factors pertaining to the recruitment, supervision, and management of lay mental health workers before large-scale rollout is conducted.     

Early-life risk for domestic violence perpetration: Implications for practice and policy

Research on risks and causes of domestic violence is hampered by a policy framework that not only does not fund but in some cases suppresses inquiry into those causes. This discussion, then, will be placed in the context of those policy frameworks that hamper and distort inquiry. This includes an overview of ideological, political, and historical issues that have shaped those frameworks. Related explanatory theories and theories of practice are summarized. The article will examine known early-life risk factors for those disorders and behaviors associated with domestic violence perpetration. Particular emphasis will be placed on maltreatment and attachment/bonding processes. Framed in broad perspectives of psychosocial theory, risk factors from related literature sources (e.g. general violence and criminality) will be included where risk profiles are substantially similar.     

Freud,Jung and The Great Chain of Being

For some time, it has been clear that psychoanalytic theories are built upon the kind of master narratives Roy Schafer, a New York psychoanalyst, described in 1980. As such, psychoanalytic theories may today have lost some of their initial scientific credibility in that they can no longer be seen as summarizing findings from data collected in a research environment. As aids in participating in their patients’ process of healing, however, narratives continue to be used by practitioners and reflect allegiance to core beliefs and propositions with roots in long‐standing Western thought. In this article, the metaphors in master narratives of Freud and Jung are compared with a conceptual system identified by cognitive linguists as ‘The Great Chain of Being’. Based on this analysis, the article proposes that theoretical formulations have mainly a secondary role to play in achieving good outcomes. The most critical element is the therapist's capacity to access a specific narrative for what transpires throughout each treatment.     

Cyberbullying victimization and somatic complaints: A prospective examination of cognitive emotion regulation strategies as mediators

Background/Objective: The main purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among cybervictimization, maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and somatic complaints in a 4-month follow-up study. Method: A total of 1,024 high school students (456 male and 568 female, M (SD) = 13.69 years (1.3 years), range 12–18 years, voluntarily participated in this study. Measures of cybervictimization and cognitive strategies were obtained at Time 1. Four months later (Time 2), measures of somatic complaints were obtained. Results: Multiple mediation analyses were conducted to determine the mediating roles of maladaptive strategies in the link between cybervictimization and somatic complaints. As expected, path-analytic results showed that cybervictimization predicted somatic symptoms. Furthermore, some maladaptive regulation strategies, namely self-blame and rumination, partially mediated the link between cybervictimization and somatic symptoms evaluated 4-months later. Conclusions: The findings are discussed in terms of the role that maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies might play with regards to physical health in cyberbullying episodes. In general, these findings have important implications for developing an understanding about the affective determinants of somatic health problem initiation and maintenance after a victimization and for developing intervention programs specifically for cybervictimized adolescents.     

Standards on how to develop and report systematic reviews in Psychology and Health

Systematic reviews are secondary studies that summarize the best scientific evidence available by means of explicit and rigorous methods to identify, select, appraise, analyse and summarise the empirical studies that enable responding to specific questions. The aim of this theoretical study is to set out a series of standards and recommendations for the planning, development and reporting of a systematic review in the field of the health sciences. The article describes the systematic reviews in the context of practice based on scientific evidence, their rise, justification, applicability and differences compared to traditional literature reviews. Secondly, the methodology is set out for their development and guidelines are established for their preparation; the stages of the process and preparation of a protocol are described with emphasis on the steps to follow to prepare and report a systematic review. Finally, some additional considerations are set out for their preparation and publication in a scientific journal. This guide is aimed both at authors and reviewers of a systematic review.     

Esquizofrenia: ¿Enfermedad crónica? II. Implicaciones prácticas

Resumen

Se revisan las intervenciones terapéuticas en la Esquizofrenia, considerándola como una afección en la que diversidad de componentes congénitos y adquiridos conducen a una personalidad premórbida vulnerable, con una estructura poco clara de sistemas internalizados de referencia y enfrentamiento, con mecanismos distorsionados de procesamiento de la información y con una aumentada tendencia a las reacciones psicóticas frente al stress. Se considera esencial suministrar la mayor claridad, simplicidad y continuidad en todas las medidas terapéuticas con el paciente; crear una actitud cooperadora y no culpabilizadora con las familias, como principales cuidadores del esquizofrénico, y reducir la vulnerabilidad del paciente mediante la medicación psicotrópica, el aprendizaje social y el soporte social.     

Jungian theory of dreaming and contemporary dream research – findings from the research project ‘Structural Dream Analysis’

The research method ‘Structural Dream Analysis’ (SDA) is described which allows for systematic and objective analysis of the meaning of dreams produced by patients in Jungian psychotherapies. The method focuses especially on the relationship between the dream ego and other figures in the dream and the extent of activity of the dream ego. Five major dream patterns were identified which accounted for the majority of the dreams. The clients’ dream series were dominated by one or two repetitive patterns which were closely connected to the psychological problems of the dreamers. Additionally, typical changes in the dream series’ patterns could be identified which corresponded with therapeutic change. These findings support Jung's theory of dreams as providing a holistic image of the dreamer’s psyche, including unconscious aspects. The implications for different psychoanalytic theories of dreaming and dream interpretation are discussed as well as implications for the continuity hypothesis.     

Response to ‘Transgender medicalization and the attempt to evade psychological distress’ (Withers 2020) and to Herdzik’s (2021) response to Withers

Psyche is non-binary and multiple and clinical work in the analytic container must be held in the fluidity of multiplicity. Analysts are called to bring Queer energy to analytical attitude. Queer energy is intrinsically non-conforming and desires to confront a priori concepts in service to the unfolding of the Self. A Queer analytic attitude seeks to blur narrative, deconstruct language and listen deeply for what is emergent in the field. Queer energy is also deeply activating and often results in polarizations of attitude and a failure to hold what is emergent. This response to Withers (2020) and to (Herdzik 2021) is an invitation for all of us to engage our activated complexes around work with transgender issues and the fluidity of the Queer experience. The multiplicity of the Self seeks to be known through analytic process. Consciously held authentic experience of what is emergent and thus unknown is at the core of this process. An analysis capable of holding Queer energy offers a theatre for the exploration of gender identity and its expression.     

Herrnstein y la evolución del conductismo

Resumen

Resultan difíciles de identificar las suposiciones tácitas a las que Herrnstein atribuye el auge del análisis experimental de la conducta y que cree que deben exponerse y revisarse. Los supuestos que se establecen explícitamente deben revisarse constantemente, como en cualquier ciencia, pero los comentarios de Herrnstein no son particularmente útiles para ello. Los investigadores del condicionamiento operante no han descuidado las contribuciones genéticas relevantes; nunca han asegurado que los «impulsos» que utilizan en sus investigaciones constituyan una lista exhaustiva, y su. tratamiento de las clases de respuestas se aviene con los datos recientes sin necesidad de modificaciones importantes. Las intrusiones filogenéticas en la conducta ontogenética, como las que se dan en el automodelado, se ven sobrepasadas por intrusiones que se dan en la dirección contraria. La teoría del autorrefuerzo que propone Herrnstein para explicar la conducta claramente atribuible a la selección natural constituye una apelación innecesaria al. ambientalismo. La ciencia de la conducta debe referirse tanto a la filogenia como a la ontongenia, pero Herrnstein no apunta un nuevo enfoque que pueda resultar útil.