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541.
Coughlin SS 《Science and engineering ethics》2008,14(1):103-110
There has been increasing interest in developing practical, non-theoretical tools for analyzing ethical problems in public
health, biomedicine, and other scientific disciplines so that professionals can make and justify ethical decisions in their
own research or practice. Tools for ethical decisionmaking, together with case studies on ethics, are often used in graduate
education programs and in continuing professional education. Students can benefit from opportunities to further develop their
analytical skills, to recognize ethical issues, and to develop their moral sensitivity. One practical approach for illustrating
and facilitating ethical analysis uses cases with contrary facts and circumstances, an approach which complements rather than
replaces theoretical approaches to moral reasoning. Cases with contrary facts and circumstances are presented in two or more
alternative ways so that the facts, circumstances, or framing of one version runs counter to that of the other version (s).
Cases with contrary facts, together with practical steps for identifying and analyzing ethical issues, are likely to be useful
tools for illustrating and facilitating ethics analysis and stimulating the moral imagination.
The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention. 相似文献
542.
Bouville M 《Science and engineering ethics》2008,14(3):311-322
Plagiarism is a crime against academy. It deceives readers, hurts plagiarized authors, and gets the plagiarist undeserved benefits. However, even though these arguments do show that copying other people's intellectual contribution is wrong, they do not apply to the copying of words. Copying a few sentences that contain no original idea (e.g. in the introduction) is of marginal importance compared to stealing the ideas of others. The two must be clearly distinguished, and the 'plagiarism' label should not be used for deeds which are very different in nature and importance. 相似文献
543.
Ad Bergsma 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2008,9(3):445-448
One of the aims of this special issue on happiness advice was to assess the reality value of recommendations. All papers checked
empirical indications for effectiveness, typically by inspecting whether the things advised have been found to be related
to happiness in empirical research. Some limitations of this approach are that some advisers used a different definition of
happiness than the papers, the papers checked the advice for present day readers, not for the contemporaries of advisers,
the data that is used to check the advice is most often correlative in nature, and the papers ignored personality differences.
Future research should focus on a wider range of happiness advisers, look at the interaction of the advice and individual
readers and address the question of the usefulness of the advice experimentally. 相似文献
544.
Psychologists often express concerns about the inclusion of psychology in the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Roadmap
initiative. Most Roadmap themes focus on biomedical research, forming the basis for psychologists’ concerns. Although most
Roadmap funding goes toward biomedical research, social and behavioral scientists do win support. It is reasonable to ask,
however, why the Roadmap is focused so exclusively on medical research. One explanation is that medical interventions are
seen as the natural translation of basic biomedical research, whereas psychological interventions are not perceived as following
from basic behavioral research. Psychologists working in academic health centers represent the best opportunity for creating
such linkages, and therefore the best potential bridge for psychology connecting to the NIH Roadmap.
This paper represents the views of the author, and not necessarily those of the American Psychological Association and is
based on a presentation given at the 3rd National Conference of the Association of Psychologists in Academic Health Centers
in May 2007 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. 相似文献
545.
Health disparities among African-American families represent a significant social problem. Nationally, African-American infants have dramatically worse birth outcomes than other racial and ethnic groups. A Community-Based Participatory Research approach was utilized to engage community residents. This study examined participants’ definitions of infant mortality, views on the community impact of infant mortality, and strengths and vulnerabilities in the health care service delivery system. Qualitative data were gathered in a rural North Florida community where health education groups are conducted. Eight focus groups were arranged with African-American women (n = 46), ranging in age from 14 to 35, who were pregnant, parenting children under the age of two. Respondents poignantly described personal experiences of loss associated with infant mortality. They indicated awareness of problems related to lack of accessibility and availability of medical and social services. The use of social-ecological theory and implications for policy and social justice are discussed. 相似文献
546.
就业危机形势下——大学生就业心理问题分析及对策研究 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
在当前就业危机的严峻形势下,大学生就业是一个社会热点和难点问题。大学生的就业压力越来越大,由此导致大学生出现了自卑、不平衡、自负等一系列的就业心理问题。本文就大学生就业心理问题的表现、产生就业心理问题的原因以及应采取的措施作以分析。 相似文献
547.
548.
549.
It is often argued that the great quantity of evil in our world makes God’s existence less likely than a lesser quantity would,
and this, presumably, because the probability that some evils are gratuitous increases as the overall quantity of evil increases.
Often, an additive approach to quantifying evil is employed in such arguments. In this paper, we examine C. S. Lewis’ objection
to the additive approach, arguing that although he is correct to reject this approach, there is a sense in which he underestimates
the quantity of pain. However, the quantity of pain in that sense does not significantly increase the probability that some
pain is gratuitous. Therefore, the quantitative argument likely fails. 相似文献
550.
Gefenas E 《Science and engineering ethics》2007,13(3):281-288
This paper attempts to provide a broader view into the ethical issues surrounding the field of emergency medicine (EM) research.
It starts from defining bioethically relevant features of EM and presents this field in the context of different models of
health care provider–patient relationship. The paper also provides a short overview of the “post-Nuremberg” evolution of the
main international research ethics guidelines relevant to EM research which demonstrates a tendency of liberalization of research
on incapable persons. This tendency culminates with the exceptions to informed consent for EM research which is supposed to
be balanced by other research ethics principles, especially a careful rationing of risks and benefits. This finally brings
us towards a critical analysis of the minimal risk standard which is one of the main fundamental safeguards in EM research.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at The 7th International Conference on Bioethics on “The Ethics of Research
in Emergency Medicine”, held on June 2, 2006, Warsaw, Poland. 相似文献