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101.
Malhar N. Kumar 《Journal of Academic Ethics》2008,6(3):211-228
Biomedical research has increased in magnitude over the last two decades. Increasing number of researchers has led to increase
in competition for scarce resources. Researchers have often tried to take the shortest route to success which may involve
performing fraudulent research. Science suffers from unethical research as much time, effort and cost is involved in exposing
fraud and setting the standards right. It is better for all students of science to be aware of the methods used in fraudulent
research so that such research can be detected early. Biomedical research is one area that seems to have attracted maximum
numbers of fraudulent researchers; hence this article devotes itself to biomedical research scenario. 相似文献
102.
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia which is estimated to impact 350,000 people over 65 years of age in
Canada. The lack of effective treatment and the growing number of people who are expected to be diagnosed with Alzheimer’s
disease in the near future are compelling reasons why continued research is in this area is necessary. With additional research,
there needs to be greater recognition of the complexity of seeking ongoing informed consent from those with Alzheimer’s disease.
This complexity is because the impairment of memory and cognitive ability does not diminish in a linear manner, but rather
fluctuates between periods of impairment and relatively normal cognitive lucidness. There is limited discussion in the guidelines
of those progressing from early stages of Alzheimer’s disease who have intermittent cognitive function. Guidelines to research
and Research Ethics Boards require further development to facilitate researcher including those with Alzheimer’s disease while
protecting this growing pool of potential participants. 相似文献
103.
104.
Jones NL 《Science and engineering ethics》2007,13(1):25-43
The activities of the life sciences are essential to provide solutions for the future, for both individuals and society. Society
has demanded growing accountability from the scientific community as implications of life science research rise in influence
and there are concerns about the credibility, integrity and motives of science. While the scientific community has responded
to concerns about its integrity in part by initiating training in research integrity and the responsible conduct of research,
this approach is minimal. The scientific community justifies itself by appealing to the ethos of science, claiming academic
freedom, self-direction, and self-regulation, but no comprehensive codification of this foundational ethos has been forthcoming.
A review of the professional norms of science and a prototype code of ethics for the life sciences provide a framework to
spur discussions within the scientific community to define scientific professionalism. A formalization of implicit principles
can provide guidance for recognizing divergence from the norms, place these norms within a context that would enhance education
of trainees, and provide a framework for discussing externally and internally applied pressures that are influencing the practice
of science. The prototype code articulates the goal for life sciences research and the responsibilities associated with the
freedom of exploration, the principles for the practice of science, and the virtues of the scientists themselves. The time
is ripe for scientific communities to reinvigorate professionalism and define the basis of their social contract. Codifying
the basis of the social contract between science and society will sustain public trust in the scientific enterprise. 相似文献
105.
Croatia founded a national body for ethics in science 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Puljak L 《Science and engineering ethics》2007,13(2):191-193
The Committee for Ethics in Science and Higher Education (CESHE) was created in Croatia as a national body appointed by the
Parliament. Thus Croatia became one of a handful of countries with national means of responding to allegations of scientific
misconduct. The Committee’s duties, with the help of the Ethics Code, include promotion of ethical norms and values in science
and higher education. The CESHE will work on cases of possible research misconduct and alleged disregard for the ethical norms
associated with research. 相似文献
106.
以往的研究认为组织公民行为是个人行为,并且大多数研究是在个体层次上展开的。事实上,由于组织中的个体嵌入在群体和组织中,组织公民行为会受到群体和组织等不同层次因素的影响。本文从层次问题入手,对国外文献深入系统研究的基础上,对组织公民行为的研究层次和研究模型进行梳理,以期明晰组织公民行为的层次研究现状,并在此基础上探讨中国本土化情境下开展组织公民行为跨层次研究的必要性和可行性。 相似文献
107.
本研究采用跨文化教育协作组(CCCRE)编制的访谈问卷,采用结构化访谈方式,通过跨文化教育研究协作对9个国家513名教师进行访谈调查。本文着重探讨了教改的种类、起因和角色特征对教师工作生活质量的影响。结果表明:1)教改类型对教师人际关系和职业发展的变化有显著影响2)教改起因对教师的时间利用和职业发展有显著影响,并在时间利用上显示出文化上的差异。3)我国教改在起因上表现出与总体趋同态势,但它们对教师的人际关系和职业发展的变化有更积极的影响。4)执行者是教师在教改中的主要角色,但这种角色对教师的工作生活质量没有显著影响。 相似文献
108.
Michelle Luciano Glen A. Smith Margaret J. Wright Gina M. Geffen Laurie B. Geffen Nicholas G. Martin 《Intelligence》2001,29(6):593
Using the classical twin design, this study investigates the influence of genetic factors on the large phenotypic variance in inspection time (IT), and whether the well established IT–IQ association can be explained by a common genetic factor. Three hundred ninety pairs of twins (184 monozygotic, MZ; 206 dizygotic, DZ) with a mean age of 16 years participated, and 49 pairs returned approximately 3 months later for retesting. As in many IT studies, the pi figure stimulus was used and IT was estimated from the cumulative normal ogive. IT ranged from 39.4 to 774.1 ms (159±110.1 ms) with faster ITs (by an average of 26.9 ms) found in the retest session from which a reliability of .69 was estimated. Full-scale IQ (FIQ) was assessed by the Multidimensional Aptitude Battery (MAB) and ranged from 79 to 145 (111±13). The phenotypic association between IT and FIQ was confirmed (−.35) and bivariate results showed that a common genetic factor accounted for 36% of the variance in IT and 32% of the variance in FIQ. The maximum likelihood estimate of the genetic correlation was −.63. When performance and verbal IQ (PIQ & VIQ) were analysed with IT, a stronger phenotypic and genetic relationship was found between PIQ and IT than with VIQ. A large part of the IT variance (64%) was accounted for by a unique environmental factor. Further genetic factors were needed to explain the remaining variance in IQ with a small component of unique environmental variance present. The separability of a shared genetic factor influencing IT and IQ from the total genetic variance in IQ suggests that IT affects a specific subcomponent of intelligence rather than a generalised efficiency. 相似文献
109.
110.
Hospitalized chronic and acute schizophrenics were compared with age- and social-status-matched controls on word perception tests to measure the effect of context on recognition thresholds. In Experiment 1 the method of J. Morton (1964, British Journal of Psychology, 55, 165-180) was adopted to see how related and unrelated contexts influenced word recognition thresholds when both context and stimulus word were presented visually. Experiment 2 was an auditory analog of Experiment 1 and in addition the chronic schizophrenics were selected on the basis of a presence or absence of auditory hallucinations. The influence of context on perceptual thresholds was quite normal in all schizophrenics. However, analysis of the incorrect responses elicited showed that some schizophrenic subjects do produce bizarre or irrelevant responses or perseveration to a greater extent than their controls. These results are explained in terms of automatic and strategic modes of information processing. The automatic processes responsible for the adjustment of perceptual thresholds operate normally in schizophrenics but response production which demands strategic selection and editing of responses is prone to malfunction which results in the observed deviations in the normal use of language. 相似文献