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111.
On Nanotechnology and Ambivalence: The Politics of Enthusiasm 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
The promise of scientific and technological innovation – particularly in fields such as nanotechnology – is increasingly set
against what has been articulated as a deficit in public trust in both the new technologies and regulatory mechanisms. Whilst
the development of new technology is cast as providing contributions to both quality of life and national competitiveness,
what has been termed a ‘legitimacy crisis’ is seen as threatening the vitality of this process. However in contrast to the
risk debates that dominated the technological controversies of the late 1990s the vitality of technological innovation is
now cast as vulnerable to lack of public confidence and trust in the regulatory and governance structures upon which such
innovation depends. In order to address this deficit in public trust, science policy has increasingly turned to the social
sciences, suggesting that public values might be incorporated into the development of nanotechnology at an early stage. Public
ambivalence therefore constitutes the problem addressed by the increasingly central role that public engagement and participation play in contemporary science policy.
Although the recent proliferation of public engagement activities is premised on the need to address this ambivalence through
direct engagement, we re-interpret ambivalence as an engaged – rather than passive – mode of relating to technological determinism.
Whilst the move toward forms of direct public engagement might be regarded as symptomatic of the emergence of affective mode
of governance we interpret public ambivalence as a nested set of enthusiasms and anxieties. Accordingly we suggest that public
engagement might be re-thought, utilising ambivalence as a creative resource, rather than as the problem.
相似文献
Brian WynneEmail: |
112.
The present research examines whether or not endowment asymmetry leads those with many endowments to contribute more than those with few endowments towards the public good (i.e., a first-order dilemma), but also towards the implementation of a sanctioning system (i.e., a second-order dilemma). In Experiment 1, we found that those with many endowments contributed more than those with few endowments in a public good dilemma without a sanctioning system present, whereas those with many endowments did not contribute more than those with few endowments toward the implementation of a sanctioning system. The latter effect, however, was eliminated when participants were accountable (i.e., when expectations that they would have to justify their decisions to others in the group were high). Experiment 2 showed that when participants were accountable, the contributions of those with many endowments (and not those with few endowments) toward the sanctioning system increased, but only when they perceived the group to be more self-evaluative in terms of morality (i.e., high-evaluation expectancy). Experiment 3 showed that this effect of evaluation expectancy only emerged when participants were accountable to the whole group rather than to only one group member. 相似文献
113.
Kamilla Lein Kjølberg 《Nanoethics》2009,3(1):61-72
Public participation is a prominent issue in the nanoethics literature. This paper analyses the emerging awareness of nanoscience and nanotechnology (nano S&;T) in the Norwegian public sphere, as evidenced by newspaper coverage. In particular, attention is on representations of nano S&;T and their relation to public participation. Three dominant representations are found; nano S&;T as positive, nano S&;T as important for the future and nano S&;T as under control. It is argued that the prominence of these representations is unfortunate because they can discourage public participation. The paper concludes by pointing to some broader questions about public participation as an instrument for governance of nano S&;T. 相似文献
114.
Sort out your neighbourhood 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kai P. Spiekermann 《Synthese》2009,168(2):273-294
Axelrod (The evolution of cooperation, 1984) and others explain how cooperation can emerge in repeated 2-person prisoner’s
dilemmas. But in public good games with anonymous contributions, we expect a breakdown of cooperation because direct reciprocity
fails. However, if agents are situated in a social network determining which agents interact, and if they can influence the
network, then cooperation can be a viable strategy. Social networks are modelled as graphs. Agents play public good games
with their neighbours. After each game, they can terminate connections to others, and new connections are created. Cooperative
agents do well because they manage to cluster with cooperators and avoid defectors. Computer simulations demonstrate that
group formation and exclusion are powerful mechanisms to promote cooperation in dilemma situations. This explains why social
dilemmas can often be solved if agents can choose with whom they interact. 相似文献
115.
116.
The Relationship between Cultural Values and Political Ideology, and the Role of Political Knowledge
Cultural theory maintains that four worldviews—egalitarianism, individualism, hierarchicalism, and fatalism—can be used to describe people and societies. We examine survey measures of two of those worldviews—egalitarianism and individualism—to understand their relationship with belief systems. Contrary to what one might expect based on the cultural theory literature, we find that people with low levels of political knowledge seem not to have coherent worldviews regarding these issues. In contrast, people with high levels of political knowledge respond to egalitarianism and individualism questions as if they were opposite ends of a single, liberal-conservative continuum, rather than two of four distinct worldviews. We conclude that cultural theory researchers should take account of the influence of political knowledge whenever they investigate worldviews. 相似文献
117.
We formalise a notion of dynamic rationality in terms of a logic of conditional beliefs on (doxastic) plausibility models.
Similarly to other epistemic statements (e.g. negations of Moore sentences and of Muddy Children announcements), dynamic rationality
changes its meaning after every act of learning, and it may become true after players learn it is false. Applying this to
extensive games, we “simulate” the play of a game as a succession of dynamic updates of the original plausibility model: the
epistemic situation when a given node is reached can be thought of as the result of a joint act of learning (via public announcements)
that the node is reached. We then use the notion of “stable belief”, i.e. belief that is preserved during the play of the
game, in order to give an epistemic condition for backward induction: rationality and common knowledge of stable belief in
rationality. This condition is weaker than Aumann’s and compatible with the implicit assumptions (the “epistemic openness
of the future”) underlying Stalnaker’s criticism of Aumann’s proof. The “dynamic” nature of our concept of rationality explains
why our condition avoids the apparent circularity of the “backward induction paradox”: it is consistent to (continue to) believe
in a player’s rationality after updating with his irrationality. 相似文献
118.
Despite the amount of public investment in nanotechnology ventures in the developed world, research shows that there is little public awareness about nanotechnology, and public knowledge is very limited. This is concerning given that nanotechnology has been heralded as 'revolutionising' the way we live. In this paper, we articulate why public engagement in debates about nanotechnology is important, drawing on literature on public engagement and science policy debate and deliberation about public policy development. We also explore the significance of timing in engaging the public, and we make some suggestions concerning how to effectively engage publics. Our conclusions indicate the significance of scientific researchers, policy makers and representative consumer groupings in public reasoning towards a better public policy framework for debate about technological development. 相似文献
119.
Toward a Better Bioethics 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Jason Scott Robert 《Science and engineering ethics》2009,15(3):283-291
It has been argued that bioethicists too often tend to represent the interests of scientists and not of the broader polity.
Indeed, bioethicists seem predisposed to discard the voices and viewpoints of all but the cognoscenti. Focusing particularly on human pluripotent stem cell research, this commentary explores a variety of characterizations of
bioethics and bioethicists in relation to forbidding science. Rather than proselytizing or prohibiting, bioethicists should
work in partnership with scientists and publics to craft scientifically well-informed and morally sophisticated debates about
forbidding science.
相似文献
Jason Scott RobertEmail: |
120.
ObjectiveThere has been compelling debate about whether interval exercise should be promoted in public health strategies as a means of eliciting the health and fitness adaptations associated with physical activity behavior, particularly among individuals who are inactive. Despite a rapidly growing body of quantitative research, there is a notable absence of qualitative research on the topic. This study used a series of interviews conducted over time to develop a richer understanding of inactive adults’ experiences and perceptions of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), high-intensity interval training (HIIT), and sprint interval training (SIT) over time and factors that may influence their participation in these types of exercise.MethodsThirty inactive young adults (18 women, 12 men) completed three lab-based trials of cycling exercise in a random order on separate days: MICT, HIIT, and SIT, and subsequently logged their free-living exercise over four weeks. Interviews were conducted at five timepoints and subjected to a reflexive thematic analysis.ResultsThree overarching themes were constructed: (1) interval exercise sounds appealing, but is it for me? (2) exercise trade-offs – the value of interval vs. traditional exercise, and (3) real-world exercise adaptations to make it on your own.ConclusionsThe findings emphasize that people respond differently to different forms of exercise and the factors that influence participation in interval or continuous exercise are far more complex than can be captured by quantitative methodologies alone. Results suggest there is indeed a place for interval exercise in exercise plans and programs for the general population and interval exercise can be used concurrently with continuous exercise. 相似文献