受众卷入及其对广告传播效果的影响

卷入（involvement）概念在市场研究中得到了极为广泛的关注,特别是在广告心理领域更是备受重视。研究发现,卷入常常影响广告的传播效果,制约着广告自身特点、插播环境、受众主体特征等作用的发挥。同时,学者们围绕这一概念构建了卷入的四水平说、加工深度模型、精细加工可能性模型、FCB网格、Rossiter-Percy网格等诸多理论模型。文章对相关研究进行了较系统的考察,并提出了现有研究依然存在的一些问题,如生态效度偏低、研究方法单一、相关的自动加工研究不够等     

失语：医患交往中的沉默现象反思

本文从医生和患者交往的失语现象入手,采取案例分析的方法,分析了沉默的不同类型及特点,指出沉默的原因是对医患沟通的忽视,医生的无暇,受传统父权思想的影响,其根源在于人文精神的失落,并有针对性地提出了沉默的唤醒的途径和治疗失语的方法。     

温尼科特的精神分析客体关系理论的治疗观

温尼科特是英国精神分析客体关系学派的重要代表人物,提出了独特的精神分析治疗观,以提供抱持性的分析情境为核心,强调退行至依赖的治疗过程,重视精神分析师的反移情中的恨的情绪体验,珍视病人的主动不交流等,在很多方面颠覆了经典的精神分析治疗观。     

The fear of love: the denial of self in relationship

This paper explores the fear of love and relationship which develops when a child has experienced parents who cannot tolerate emotional separation and so attempt to retain perfect contingency with their infant, long after the infant needs to begin to separate and individuate. The child is a 'self-object' for the parents, who depend on the responses of others, including their own child, to maintain a sense of their own identity. The impact of this demand for 'reverse parenting' on the child's development is explored and clinical work with an adult patient whose history reflects this process is described.     

后现代主义思潮与人本心理学

后现代主义和人本主义心理学产生的社会文化背景有某种相同性,且与美国社会危机和精神异化现象相关,加上又都受到现象学、存在主义、弗洛伊德主义的影响,故后现代主义对人本主义心理学冲击的同时,又在反对科学主义、重建人际沟通和实现人的个性等方面有某种一致性。     

Cultural Differences in Physical Contact Between Hispanic and Anglo Mother–Infant Dyads Living in the United States

This is a study of differences in physical contact and tactile interpersonal behaviours between Hispanic and Anglo mothers and infants living in the United States. Infants were 9 months old and 52 mother–infant dyads, 26 Hispanic and 26 Anglo, were videotaped during free play without toys in a university laboratory playroom. Coders judged the interpersonal distance, physical contact and affectionate touch from the videotapes and mothers responded to a questionnaire about the importance of physical contact and affectionate touch in their relationship with their infant. From questionnaire data we found that Hispanic and Anglo mothers both touch their infants on a daily basis, although Hispanic mothers report touching more frequently, being more affectionate with their infants and having more skin-to-skin contact. From videotaped observations we found that there were no overall differences in mother–infant touch between the two cultures; however, the Hispanic mothers showed more close touch and more close and affectionate touch compared to Anglo mothers, who showed more distal touch. The results are discussed in terms of the role of touch in infant development and cultural differences in the evaluation of close physical contact and touch.     

Diversity in agonistic behavior of croaking gouramis (Trichopsis vittata,T. schalleri,and T. pumila; Anabantoidei) and the paradise fish (Macropodus opercularis; Anabantoidei)

Agonistic encounters of all three species of the vocalizing genus Trichopsis were observed in order to compare species-specific fighting strategies and the specific investment in acoustics. Additionally, these encounters were compared to agonistic encounters of Macropodus opercularis which was considered to be mute. The aim of this comparison was to investigate if mute fishes stress visual or tactile displays. Within the genus Trichopsis, significant differences among the three species were found in qualitative and quantitative analysis of displays. Frontal display occurred only in Trichopsis vittata, whereas a strong tail-beating while vocalizing was only observed in Trichopsis pumila. Fight duration and the number of sounds and circlings were highest in Trichopsis schalleri. The largest relative distances between circling opponents occurred in T. pumila, the smallest species. Also, the number of attacks was lowest in T. pumila. Fighting assessment seemed to be different in each species. For the first time, sound production has been reported for Macropodus opercularis (infrequently and with extreme low sound pressure levels), but much more investment in visual and tactile displays has been demonstrated. Lowering the branchiostegal membrane and spreading the opercula occurred only in M. opercularis and was never observed in any of the Trichopsis species. The number of attacks was higher in Macropodus than in any Trichopsis species. The relative distance between Macropodus opponents while circling was closest compared to the three Trichopsis species. Visual and contact displays are reduced in extensively vocalizing fish species, like Trichopsis sp., compared to mute or seldom vocalizing species, like Macropodus. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Cross-sectional study of coordination between infants' gaze and vocalizations towards their mothers

The study aimed at providing more precise information about infants' capacity to coordinate their vocalizations with gaze towards their mothers. A total of 32 infants were observed, four boys and four girls in each of four age groups (4, 6, 8 and 10 months), in an observational setting aimed at minimizing infants' casual looks to their mothers. Videotapes of mother-infant-toy interactions were coded separately for infants' vocalizations and gaze towards their mothers, and the difference between observed and expected cooccurrence of these two communicative behaviours was evaluated by transfromation into z-scores. Results indicate that only at 10 months of age do infants develop the ability to coordinate vocalizations and gazes towards mother. Moreover, more competent subjects show temporal relationships between gaze and vocalizations different from those observed in less competent subjects.     

优差生亲子沟通与认知和情绪压力的关系

研究对优生、差生与其父母围绕数学问题解决而展开的沟通过程进行观察,并采用量表法测量其感受到的认知和情绪压力,以考察两变量之间的关系及优、差生在两者得分上的差异。结果发现：（1）优生无论在沟通行为次数上,还是在沟通行为类型上都表现出一些积极特征;（2）优生的二级认知压力显著高于差生,一级认知压力和情绪压力显著低于差生;（3）督促、指责等消极沟通行为都与一级认知压力和情绪压力存在正相关,而积极沟通行为,如方法指导等则与一级认知压力、情绪压力呈显著负相关;一级认知压力与正确提议比例之间存在显著负相关。