全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1971篇 |
免费 | 197篇 |
国内免费 | 181篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 7篇 |
2023年 | 61篇 |
2022年 | 47篇 |
2021年 | 52篇 |
2020年 | 92篇 |
2019年 | 126篇 |
2018年 | 147篇 |
2017年 | 150篇 |
2016年 | 148篇 |
2015年 | 63篇 |
2014年 | 96篇 |
2013年 | 446篇 |
2012年 | 44篇 |
2011年 | 47篇 |
2010年 | 58篇 |
2009年 | 55篇 |
2008年 | 47篇 |
2007年 | 74篇 |
2006年 | 69篇 |
2005年 | 58篇 |
2004年 | 64篇 |
2003年 | 53篇 |
2002年 | 56篇 |
2001年 | 49篇 |
2000年 | 35篇 |
1999年 | 31篇 |
1998年 | 28篇 |
1997年 | 31篇 |
1996年 | 27篇 |
1995年 | 25篇 |
1994年 | 27篇 |
1993年 | 9篇 |
1992年 | 6篇 |
1991年 | 1篇 |
1990年 | 2篇 |
1989年 | 1篇 |
1988年 | 4篇 |
1986年 | 1篇 |
1985年 | 3篇 |
1984年 | 1篇 |
1981年 | 1篇 |
1980年 | 3篇 |
1978年 | 1篇 |
1977年 | 1篇 |
1976年 | 1篇 |
1975年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有2349条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
941.
ABSTRACT— People have long believed that adversity and stress contribute to emotional problems in general and to depression in particular. A considerable body of research has supported this intuition, documenting a consistent association between major stressful life events and the onset of clinical depression. However, most individuals under stress do not become depressed, sometimes depression develops without prior stress, and distinguishing psychological distress from major depression can be diagnostically challenging. In varying forms and degrees, life stress may play multiple roles in relation to major depression. In this article, we outline the opportunities and obstacles associated with conceptualizing depression from a life-stress perspective and discuss the implications for future research. 相似文献
942.
采用问卷法以743名中小学在职教师为被试研究了教学效能感在职业压力影响职业倦怠过程中的调节作用。结果发现:①教师的工作特征、学生等压力源能有效预测教师职业倦怠。随着从业年限的增加,影响职业倦怠的主要压力源从工作特征过渡到社会特征。②教学效能的调节作用因教师不同的人口学分布而异,其中一般教学效能和个体教学效能所表现出来的调节效应也不同。③个体教学效能表现出线性调节作用,一般教学效能表现出曲线调节作用,两种调节作用的性质取决于不同的压力源。 相似文献
943.
2型糖尿病的发病机制主要涉及胰岛素抵抗.近年来研究表明内质网应激可诱导胰岛素抵抗的形成,并使与改善胰岛素受体敏感性相关的内质网应激标志物分子氧调节蛋白150和转录因子X盒结合蛋白-1表达增强,表明内质网应激对细胞具有双重作用,一方面可诱导胰岛素抵抗,另一方面激发对应激的适应反应. 相似文献
944.
Lorraine M. McKelvey Leanne Whiteside-Mansell Richard A. Faldowski Jeffrey Shears Catherine Ayoub Andrea D. Hart 《Journal of child and family studies》2009,18(1):102-111
We examined the psychometric properties of two scales of the parenting stress index-short form (PSI-SF) in a low-income sample
of fathers of toddlers. The factor structure, reliability, and validity of the parental distress and parent–child dysfunctional
interaction subscales were assessed for 696 fathers in a multi-site study of Early Head Start. Confirmatory factor analyses
(CFA) compared the fit of the developer recommended two-factor scales with five-factor scales theoretically derived and supported
with mothers. Our results suggested that two subscales from the PSI-SF were reliable and valid for this sample of racially
diverse, low-income fathers of toddlers. However, these subscales capture multiple dimensions of parenting stress and results
also supported the use of more narrowly defined aspects of parenting stress that included general distress, distress specifically
related to parenting demands, problematic interactions of the father–toddler dyad, perceptions of the child, and parental
perceptions of self as a parent. These unidimensional scales may prove useful in research and clinical activities by allowing
researchers to elucidate the mechanisms through which stress impacts parenting and permitting clinicians information to develop
more targeted interventions for young children and their families. 相似文献
945.
We investigate maternal attitudes toward corporal punishment and the attribution of blame to the child on the basis of data
gathered from a population survey of a representative sample of mothers and mother figures. A total of 3,148 women living
at least half of the time with a child participated in a telephone survey. The independent variables included in the multivariate
model predicting maternal attitudes and attributions include the child’s, the mother’s and the family’s characteristics and
social support. Results of the multiple regression analysis demonstrate the unique contribution of variables according to
the mother’s characteristics (mother’s sensitivity to the consequences of violence, mother’s experience of childhood violence
and parental stress related to child’s temperament). These results partially support the importance of prevention programs
that would reduce stress and increase the level of parental empathy through the means of parental training. 相似文献
946.
Frdric Chauveau Christophe Pirard Christophe Tronche Mathieu Coutan Isabelle Drouet Pierrette Liscia Daniel Bracocha 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2009,91(4):447-455
We previously showed that 24 h after learning, mice significantly remembered the first (D1) but not the second (D2) discrimination in a serial spatial task and that an acute stress delivered 5 min before the test phase reversed this memory retrieval pattern.A first experiment evaluated the effects of dorsal hippocampus (HPC) or prefrontal cortex (PFC) lesions, these two brain areas being well-known for their involvement in serial and spatial memory processes. For this purpose, six independent groups of mice were used: non-lesioned (controls), PFC or HPC-lesioned animals, submitted or not to an acute stress (electric footshocks; 0.9 mA). Results show that (i) non-stressed controls as well as PFC-lesioned mice (stressed or not) remembered D1 but not D2; (ii) stressed controls and HPC-lesioned mice (stressed or not) remembered D2 but not D1; (iii) stress significantly increased plasma corticosterone in controls and PFC-lesioned mice, but not in HPC-lesioned mice which already showed a significant plasma corticosterone increase in non-stressed condition.Since data from this first experiment showed that stress inhibited the hippocampal-dependent D1 memory retrieval, a second experiment evaluated the behavioral effect of intrahippocampal corticosterone injection in non-stressed mice. Results show that intrahippocampal corticosterone injection induced a reversal of serial memory retrieval pattern similar to that induced by acute stress.Overall, our study shows that (i) in non-stress condition, the emergence of D1 is HPC-dependent; (ii) in stress condition, the emergence of D2 requires the PFC integrity; moreover, intrahippocampal corticosterone injection mimicked the effects of stress in the CSD task. 相似文献
947.
948.
神经肽Y是一个多肽,广泛分布于周围和中枢神经系统,以下丘脑的浓度为高,参与机体神经内分泌、情绪、行为等的调节。 为探讨慢性应激诱导的抑郁模型小鼠脑内神经肽Y (NPY)的表达,以及抗抑郁药的作用机理,采用慢性应激与孤养方法,建立抑郁小鼠模型。用旷场行为 (Open-Field)法,观察模型组与正常对照组行为学改变方面的差异。将36 只抑郁模型小鼠随机分成盐酸氟西汀组、盐酸阿米替林组、生理盐水治疗组,并与12 只正常对照组比较。用半定量逆转录-聚合酶联反应(RT-PCR) 法、细胞酶联免疫法及蛋白免疫印迹(Western-blot) 法、免疫组织化学法,比较四组小鼠下丘脑NPY 的表达。结果表明:(1)与正常组比较,抑郁模型组小鼠活动总路程与活动次数减少(p< 0.01),体重增速下降(p< 0.05)。(2)与正常组比较,抑郁模型组小鼠下丘脑NPY 的mRNA 表达下降(p< 0.01);经盐酸氟西汀、盐酸阿米替林治疗后,下丘脑NPY 的mRNA 及蛋白表达增高,与生理盐水组比较差异显著(p< 0.01)。(3) 与正常组比较,生理盐水治疗组胞膜和胞质呈棕黄色染色,显示出明显的免疫组化阳性反应;经盐酸氟西汀、盐酸阿米替林治疗后,胞膜和胞质的着色与背景色接近,免疫组化呈弱阳性、阴性反应。提示抑郁模型组小鼠脑内NPY 表达水平有显著下降,使用抗抑郁药有利于提高脑内NPY 的mRNA 及蛋白表达,可能是此类药物产生抗抑郁效应的机制之一。 相似文献
949.
The recommendations of a recent workshop (Leiden, Netherlands, November 17–18, 1990) concerning the use of animals in research on aggression and predation are listed. Major considerations included the grade of organisation/level of development of the organism, the duration and intensity of the interaction, post-treatment factors, the number of animals and reuse of animals. It is hoped that the recommendations will help scientists working in these areas to consider the increasingly important ethical dimension. 相似文献
950.
Long-haired rats, Rattus villosissimus, were studied in large cages. Groups of adult rats (each of 3 males, or 1 male and 2 females) were observed during intermittent encounters with a male intruder for up to 9 days. Two further groups, each of 8 males and 8 females, were maintained for 70 days without introduction of intruders. Controls were kept in small cages in which intolerant behavior was rare. Behavior during attack resembled that of male R. norvegicus, but social relationships were less stable. Only observations on males are described in detail. Some rats collapsed under attack, though unwounded, and died when not removed. Collapse occurred sometimes after a few hours, but sometimes after many days of exposure. Exposure to attack was accompanied by a decline in body weight and by some adrenal hypertrophy. Two kinds of renal pathology are described: focal glomerular hypercellularity (FGH), probably due to glomerulonephritis, and dilated distal convoluted tubules. Neither condition occurred in the controls. FGH occurred in 3 of 12 rats (25%) that remained apparently healthy during the 9 days of continuous exposure, in 21 of 23 intruders (91%) that were exposed to intermittent attack over 9 days or less without becoming debilitated, and in 8 of 11 such rats (73%) that collapsed. All rats examined from 70-day colonies had FGH, whether collapsed or not. Dilated tubules occurred in 6 of 32 intruders (19%) exposed to intermittent attack, and in 2 of 6 animals that collapsed during 70 days of exposure. Renal pathology, especially glomerulonephritis, was therefore a correlate of social intolerance; but there was no evidence that it was a significant cause of death. 相似文献