利用网络进行心理学研究:西方与中国概况

基于网络的心理学研究(简称网基研究)即用网络进行的心理学研究,包括非反应性网基研究、网基调查、网基心理测验以及网基实验四种类型,具有样本大并且多样、外部/生态效度较高等优点,但同时也面临实验控制不足、自我选择、中途退出等问题。本文对网基研究的历史、类型、优缺点及发展状况等相关内容进行了阐述,并特别对我国的网基研究历史、现状和发展进行了简要介绍。     

Psychological mindedness and therapist attributes

Background to study: Psychological Mindedness (PM) involves an interest in and ability to extract and make sense of psychological information (thoughts, feelings and behaviours) from a situation. The nature of the psychotherapeutic role and training demands therapists think about motives, distortions and inner experiences of others. Aims: This study empirically examined the association between PM and adaptive therapist attributes, clinician empathy, self understanding and the therapeutic relationship in practitioners. Method: Forty eight therapists responded to a postal questionnaire. Results: Statistically significant correlations were found between adaptive therapist attributes; empathy, the therapeutic relationship and level of self-understanding and PM.     

Succès de carrière et bien-être psychologique au travail des conseiller-e-s de l’accompagnement professionnel : rôle médiateur de la satisfaction des besoins psychologiques

Within the framework of complex links between well-being and performance, this study aimed at examining the relations between objective and subjective career success and psychological well-being at work (PWBW) as well as the mediating effects of psychological needs satisfaction (PNS). French career counselors (n = 138) completed a questionnaire. Results showed that psychological needs satisfaction of autonomy, relatedness and competence had a mediating effect between objective career success (financial and hierarchical) and subjective career success (social and psychological), and the well-being. More exactly, three types of PNS had a mediating effect between the social and psychological career success and the PWBW while autonomy and relatedness PNS mediatized the relation between financial career success and PWBW. Only need satisfaction for relatedness mediatized the link between hierarchical success and PWBW. Occupational success would be a positive health at work resource. Facilitating forms of success and SBP becomes a promising track in health. The investigation can be widened to other jobs linked to counseling and to other different business sectors.     

La thèse du travailleur heureux-productif revisitée : une analyse par profils

This study aims to identify worker profiles in terms of psychological well-being at work, burnout and contextual performance, based on the two-dimensional conceptualization of psychological health (Keyes, 2009) and the job performance model of Borman and Motowidlo (1993). To do so, 1037 Quebec workers responded to self-reported questionnaires. Cluster analyzes revealed four profiles of workers: two convergent profiles, representing high psychological health and performance at work (32%), and low psychological health and performance at work (17%), as well as two paradoxical profiles, one presenting low psychological health and high contextual performance (23%), and one presenting high psychological health and low contextual performance (28%). These profiles were compared quantitatively and qualitatively. In the light of the conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989, 2001), these results extend and nuance the existing scientific literature on the health-performance relationship.     

近五年西方心理学重要期刊发表论文简评

摘要：以《心理学公报》、《心理学评论》和《心理学年度评论》三种心理学国际权威学术期刊从2005年到2009年发表的论文为基础,从研究领域、研究主题、引用率等方面对国际心理学的研究进行了文献计量分析。探讨了心理学发展趋势,指出基础/实验心理、社会心理和健康心理领域的研究仍然是心理学研究的主流,但研究方法、技术发生了根本改变;认知、学习与记忆、决策与判断、情绪健康等主题是心理学研究的热点,从而启发中国的心理学研究者应加强研究方法和统计的训练,关注研究的本土化,进行跨学科、多层次整合的研究以及拓展研究主题。     

The thematic hierarchy in sentence comprehension: A study on the interaction between verb class and word order in Spanish

Linking is the theory that captures the mapping of the semantic roles of lexical arguments to the syntactic functions of the phrases that realize them. At the sentence level, linking allows us to understand “who did what to whom” in an event. In Spanish, linking has been shown to interact with word order, verb class, and case marking. The current study aims to provide the first piece of experimental evidence about the interplay between word order and verb type in Spanish. We achieve this by adopting role and reference grammar and the extended argument dependency model. Two different types of clauses were examined in a self-paced reading task: clauses with object–experiencer psychological verbs and activity verbs. These types of verbs differ in the way that their syntactic and semantic structures are linked, and thus they provide interesting evidence on how information that belongs to the syntax–semantics interface might influence the predictive and integrative processes of sentence comprehension with alternative word orders. Results indicate that in Spanish, comprehension and processing speed is enhanced when the order of the constituents in the sentence mirrors their ranking on a semantic hierarchy that encodes a verb's lexical semantics. Moreover, results show that during online comprehension, predictive mechanisms based on argument hierarchization are used rapidly to inform the processing system. Our findings corroborate already existing cross-linguistic evidence on the issue and are briefly discussed in the light of other sentence-processing models.     

Cross-sectional and longitudinal relations among peer-reported trustworthiness, social relationships, and psychological adjustment in children and early adolescents from the United Kingdom and Canada

Trustworthiness was examined in children and early adolescents from two countries. In Study 1,505 children in the fifth and sixth school years in the United Kingdom (mean age = 9 years 7 months) were tested across an 8-month period. In Study 2,350 sixth- through eighth-grade Canadian children and early adolescents (mean age = 12 years 11 months) were tested across a 1-year period. Participants completed measures assessing trustworthiness (ratings of promise and secret keeping by peer group and also by best friend in Study 1), assertiveness (Study 1), prosocial behavior (Study 2), social relationships (friendships and peer preference), and psychological adjustment (self-esteem, depressive symptoms, and loneliness). Peer-reported trustworthiness was positively associated with, and predicted changes across time in, the number of friendships. The observed relations were found to be statistically independent of peer preference and peer-reported assertiveness or prosocial behavior. Trustworthiness was found to be positively associated with peer preference (Study 1 and Study 2) and psychological adjustment (Study 1).     

Learning Verbs Without Arguments: The Problem of Raising Verbs

This paper addresses the problem of learning the class of raising verbs (e.g. seem). These verbs are potentially problematic for learners in that unlike typical main verbs, these verbs do not stand in a semantic relation with any Noun Phrase (NP) arguments. Moreover, a second class of verbs, known as control verbs, shares certain distributional properties with raising verbs, but the two verb classes differ in important structural properties. The central problem addressed here is that of how a learner would distinguish raising verbs from control verbs, given their partial overlap in distribution. A series of experiments with English-speaking adults using a fill-in-the-blank questionnaire revealed two main types of cues that led participants to distinguish the two verb classes: inanimate NPs and semantically empty subjects (its raining) yielded the highest proportion of raising verb responses from adults, while animate NPs paired with eventive predicates yielded a high rate of control verb responses. On the basis of these results, suggestions are made as to how one should study the learning of these verbs in children.This research was supported by an NSF Postdoctoral Fellowship at the Institute for Research in Cognitive Science. I owe many, many thanks to Lila and Henry Gleitman, John Trueswell and the whole cast of participants in the Cheese seminar at IRCS during 2000–2002. In addition I would like to thank Ash Asudeh, Robin Clark, Jeffrey Lidz, Elliott Moreton, Julien Musolino, Anna Papafragou, Carson Schutze and an anonymous reviewer for comments and suggestions. I also thank audiences at University of North Carolina, University of Delaware, UCLA, Penn Linguistics Colloquium 26, Chicago Linguistic Society 38 and the CUNY Graduate Center for stimulating discussions. All errors and shortcomings are my own.     

伪科学信徒的心理状态分析

伪科学现象的泛滥给社会造成极大危害。而各种伪科学的兴起均有众多信陡做为基础。是什么心理状态使许多人陷入其中,从俯仰危机、文化素质低下、精神病态心理、获益心理、利欲驱动、显示与控制欲等诸方面对伪科学信陡进行心理分析,以利于其迷知返,铲除伪科学现象,净化社会环境。     

Children's selective attention with variation in amount of stimulus exposure

Selective attention in children was measured by means of a central-incidental learning paradigm. Children performed a central task requiring attention to one element in each of several stimuli, after which their incidental learning was assessed by a combination of two tests measuring: (a) recognition of the second, or incidental, element in each stimulus, and (b) association between the incidental and central elements. Principal independent variables were the age of the children (9 vs 12 years) and the amount of exposure time per trial in the central task (6 vs 12 sec). Douling the exposure time increased the incidental as well as the central scores for 9-year-olds, while it increased only the central scores for 12-year-olds. It would appear that younger children maintain a relatively nonselective orientation during an extended exposure period, distributing attention between both relevant and irrelevant stimulus elements, whereas adolescents adopt a more selective approach and concentrate exclusively on task-relevant information. The results are discussed in relation to hypotheses regarding development of selective attention.