2岁儿童延迟性自我控制及家庭因素的相关研究

摘要研究考察2岁儿童延迟性自我控制行为的发展水平及其家庭影响因素。对86名17．5到28．5个月的儿童在画笔和食物为诱惑物的两种延迟满足情境中的行为进行实验室录像观察。同时以问卷法了解其父母教养行为、婚姻质量及亲子关系等家庭因素。结果显示：(1)2岁儿童已经具有延迟性自我控制行为．且存在性别差异。(2)家庭教养态度,尤其是母亲的教养态度对儿童自我控制行为有显著预测作用;(3)母亲所体验到的家庭生活的和谐程度能显著地预测儿童延迟性自我控制行为;(4)在控制了性别、婚姻质量及家庭教养态度后,亲子关系的作用不显著。     

大五人格和工作绩效相关性研究的进展

人格和工作绩效关系的探究正成为研究者关注的主题。本文围绕人格对工作绩效的预测力、影响人格和绩效的中介变量、人格与关系绩效、人格与管理绩效等方面,对大五人格和工作绩效二者的相关性研究进行了回顾。     

贫困地区初中生学业自我效能、内部动机与学业成绩的关系研究

对贫困地区初中生学业自我效能、内部动机与学业成绩之间关系的测量研究表明：不同学业成绩组学生在自我效能、成功动机、促进性紧张、期望水平和自己责任性方面差异显著;学业自我效能与内部动机诸因素有密切关系、共同构成影响学业成绩的内在因素;对学业成绩正向预测作用最强的是自我效能,其次是促进性紧张和成功交往动机。     

沿海某省城市居民主观幸福感纵向研究

本文在沿海某省取样,对该省城市居民主观幸福感进行了历时三年的纵向研究。结果进一步证实中围城市居民主观幸福感量表具有较好的心理测量学特性。对该省城市居民主观幸福感的动态考察表明,SARS对城市居民主观生活质量的负面影响是明显的,SARS过后人们的心理健康体验有升高的趋势,当前客观物质条件仍然对人们的主观生活质量产生突出的影响。     

Measuring cognitive and psychological engagement: Validation of the Student Engagement Instrument

A review of relevant literatures led to the construction of a self-report instrument designed to measure two subtypes of student engagement with school: cognitive and psychological engagement. The psychometric properties of this measure, the Student Engagement Instrument (SEI), were assessed based on responses of an ethnically and economically diverse urban sample of 1931 ninth grade students. Factor structures were obtained using exploratory factor analyses (EFAs) on half of the dataset, with model fit examined using confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) on the other half of the dataset. The model displaying the best empirical fit consisted of six factors, and these factors correlated with expected educational outcomes. Further research is suggested in the iterative process of developing the SEI, and the implications of these findings are discussed.     

After pluralism: Towards a new,integrated psychoanalytic paradigm1

After a restatement of the isolationism of psychoanalysis from allied disciplines, and an examination of some of the reasons for the diversity of schools of thought and the fragmentation of psychoanalytic knowledge, the author suggests the need to adopt principles of correspondence or external coherence along with those of hermeneutic coherence to validate psychoanalytic hypotheses. Recent developments in neurocognitive science have come to the aid of psychoanalysis in this period of crisis, resulting in the proposition of integrating both areas to form a new paradigm for the construction of the theory of the mind. This emerging paradigm tries to integrate clinical knowledge with neurocognitive science, fi ndings from studies on the process and outcome of psychotherapy, research into the early mother‐infant relationship, and developmental psychopathology. The author examines theoretical‐ technical models based on the concept of drives and of relationships in the light of interdisciplinary fi ndings. He concludes that the relational model has a broad empirical base, except when the concept of drives is discredited. Interdisciplinary fi ndings have led to the positing of the replacement of the Freudian model of drives with a model of motivational systems centred on affective processes. He draws certain conclusions which have a bearing on the technique of psychoanalytic treatment. These arise from the adoption of the new integrated paradigm.     

“莱昂假说”与克隆性分析技术的思想启迪

克隆性分析技术已经很大程度上影响和改变着人们对肿瘤的思维。“莱昂假说”的创立、印证以及克隆性分析技术的发展、应用,已经使我们重新认识了许多肿瘤和肿瘤前期病变的性质。其间的研究工作启示我们,科学需要源于事实基础的大胆猜测,更需要有求异性思维,敢于突破、善于联想根源于深厚的知识沉淀。     

自觉作“研究型”的临床医学家——幽门螺杆菌研究获奖的启迪

沃伦和马歇尔关于发现幽门螺杆菌的出色研究,为临床医师们提供了一个值得学习、借鉴的宝贵案例。他们经历平凡,研究执着;打破教条,挑战权威;面对抵制,甘耐寂寞;争取支持,善于合作……体现了从事临床医学研究所必须具备的学术品质。临床医师们应该以他们为榜样,自觉作“研究型”的临床医学家。     

“Put Your Money Where Your Love Is”: Parental Aid to Adult Children

Qualitative data are used to examine parents’ support to their adult children, and their motivations and feelings about it. The sample is 40 adult children and parents from four racial/ethnic groups: African-Americans, Asian-Americans, non-Latino Whites, and Latinos. Ideals of adult independence versus interdependence emerge as determinants of feelings about aiding adult children. The ambivalence concept provides the means to elucidate the tensions between these ideologies and children’s structurally shaped circumstances. Parental assistance to adult children was seen as acceptable for education, home ownership, and on behalf of young children, especially if the child was “working hard.” Parents still provided aid, however, even if these conditions were not met. In these situations, more intrafamilial tension characterized the aid transfer.     

What you don’t know won’t hurt me: Costly (but quiet) exit in dictator games

We used simple economic games to examine pro-social behavior and the lengths that people will take to avoid engaging in it. Over two studies, we found that about one-third of participants were willing to “exit” a $10 dictator game and take $9 instead. The exit option left the receiver nothing, but also ensured that the receiver never knew that a dictator game was to be played. Because most social utility models are defined over monetary outcomes, they cannot explain choosing the ($9, $0) exit outcome over the dominating $10 dictator game, since the game includes outcomes of ($10, $0) and ($9, $1). We also studied exiting using a “private” dictator game. In the private game, the receiver never knew about the game or from where any money was received. Gifts in this game were added innocuously to a payment for a separate task. Almost no dictators exited from the private game, indicating that receivers’ beliefs are the key factor in the decision to exit. When, as in the private game, the receivers’ beliefs and expectations cannot be manipulated by exit, exit is seldom taken. We conclude that giving often reflects a desire not to violate others’ expectations rather than a concern for others’ welfare per se. We discuss the implications of our results for understanding ethical decisions and for testing and modeling social preferences. An adequate specification of social preferences should include “psychological” payoffs that directly incorporate beliefs about actions into the utility function.