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711.
John R. Reddon Shane M. Whippler Jan E. Reddon 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2007,26(1):60-69
The American and Canadian standardization samples for the fourth edition of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children were
used to ascertain the prevalence of “seemingly anomalous” Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) scores for all possible sums of scaled scores
combinations of the Verbal Comprehension Index, Perceptual Reasoning Index, Working Memory Index, and Processing Speed Index.
About 1% of FSIQ scores in both samples were anomalous (that is, fell outside the range of the four indices). Interestingly,
the prevalence of anomalous scores was higher at the extremes of the FSIQ distribution. Moreover, anomalous FSIQ scores occurring
above or below the mean of the FSIQ distribution (that is, 100) were larger or smaller, respectively, than any of the four
indices. Furthermore, if the range of the four indices did contain the FSIQ (the non-anomalous case), when the FSIQ was below
or above 100 it tended to be located distally in the half-segment of the range furthest below or above 100, respectively.
A non-technical intuitive analogy from Olympic sports and a statistical explanation for the findings are provided. Important
implications for practitioners are also presented.
Portions of this paper were presented March 17, 2006 at the 20th annual Joseph R. Royce Research Conference, Department of
Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta. 相似文献
712.
Zoltán Kovács Ferenc Kovács Ákos Pap Pál Czobor 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2007,14(2):138-144
Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by pancreatobiliary-type of pain
in the absence of organic abnormalities. The aim of this study was to investigate specific psychosocial predictors of functional
outcome in a group of patients consecutively referred to a gastroenterological department for biliary-type of pain. Based
on medical examination patients were divided into functional (SOD) and organic groups. Self-administered questionnaires regarding
demographic characteristics, psychological distress (Symptom Check-List-90–R, [SCL-90-R]), severity of acute and chronic stress,
level of subjective well-being and satisfaction with health were completed. The analyses were based on the logistic regression
approach. In this sample, SOD patients were older than organic patients and more likely female. Logistic regression analysis showed that higher acute
stress (i.e., main effect) was associated with a decreased likelihood of functional (SOD) outcome, whereas the combination
of acute stress with chronic stress and the combination of acute stress with higher severity of psychopathology (i.e., interaction
effect) was associated with an increased likelihood of functional (SOD) outcome. These findings suggest stressful life events
in combination with certain psychological symptoms can play a role in the symptom presentation of patients with sphincter
of Oddi dysfunction. 相似文献
713.
Timothy Page Terri Combs-Orme Daphne S. Cain 《Journal of child and family studies》2007,16(2):155-167
We examined the psychological dimensions of parents’ perceptions of their infant children and their own abilities as parents
at two observation points in a racially and socio-economically diverse sample of 174 mothers. Parenting perceptions and life
circumstances were hypothesized to predict interactive behavior observed in the home. Baseline assessments were conducted
in hospital, within 36 hr of delivery. Follow-up assessments were conducted in their homes when the children were 6 to 12
months old. Of five major psychological constructs studied, only parents’ perceptions of children, represented particularly
by empathic responsiveness and absence of role-reversal, predicted the quality of behavioral interactions in the home. Perceptions
of children were themselves predicted by parents’ perceptions of the quality of care they themselves received from their own
parents, and by lifestyle stress. Our findings suggest that clinical interventions with parents should include a focus on
strengthening reflective capacities with respect to caregiving experiences, and empathic responsiveness to their children. 相似文献
714.
The aim of the present paper was to describe and evaluate many of the measurement scales currently used in genetic counseling
outcomes research. A team of three researchers reviewed the available literature and selected a variety of validated instruments
suitable for measurement of genetic counseling outcomes. There are numerous scales to assess each of the following outcomes
among counselees: satisfaction with genetic counseling; knowledge; decision-making; psychological adjustment; coping; perceived
personal control; perceptions of disease risk; and family communication about genetic risk. However, the strengths and limitations
inherent to each instrument warrant careful consideration prior to implementation. In the genetic counseling context, scale
selection should be undertaken with thought directed towards the characteristics of the research sample (e.g. levels of literacy,
culture, medical condition), the practicalities of the research setting (e.g. available funding and resources, time restrictions,
researcher expertise), the purpose of the research (i.e. the specific aspect of the genetic counseling experience to be studied),
and the science underlying the scale (e.g. theoretical framework, psychometric properties). 相似文献
715.
Condello C Gesuita R Pensabene M Spagnoletti I Capuano I Baldi C Carle F Contegiacomo A 《Journal of genetic counseling》2007,16(5):625-634
We conducted a psychological assessment during oncogenetic counseling for hereditary breast/ovarian cancer. Anxiety and depression
were assessed with the HAD scale, and family functioning and satisfaction with FACES III. HAD was administered at baseline
(t
1), at risk communication (t
2), at genetic test result communication, or at first surveillance in not tested subjects (t
3); FACES III was administered at baseline only. We analysed a total of 185 questionnaires administered to the 37 subjects
studied. Although not pathological, distress was significantly higher at t
2 and t
3 (p = 0.027 and p = 0.039, respectively). Health and marital status were significantly associated with distress. In a disease-free condition,
anxiety was higher (p = 0.027) at t
2, and for single status, depression increased from t
1 to t
2 (p = 0.026). Families were perceived to be well functioning, and subjects were satisfied with their families. The data collected
in this analysis could help to improve the quality of oncogenetic counselling in clinical practice. 相似文献
716.
Henry P. H. Chow 《Social Psychology of Education》2007,10(4):483-493
This article reports the findings from a questionnaire survey of university students’ scholastic achievement and psychological
well-being in a Canadian prairie city. Multiple ordinary least-squares regression analyses revealed that sex, educational
aspirations, hours spent on studying, father’s education, physical health, financial stress, and stress due to balancing work,
school, and social life were found to be significantly associated with academic performance. More specifically, female students
and those who reported higher educational aspirations, indicated better physical health, experienced less financial stress
or stress due to finance or to balancing work, school, and social life, spent more time on studying, and those whose father
had a higher level of education were found to perform better academically. On the other hand, income, physical health, relationship
with significant other, relationship with family, relationships with friends, self image, and academic stress were found to
be significantly related to psychological well-being. Put succinctly, respondents who had a higher family income, reported
better physical health, expressed a higher degree of satisfaction with their relationships with family, friends, and significant
other, indicated a more positive self-image, and experienced less academic stress were found to exhibit a significantly higher
level of psychological well-being. 相似文献
717.
Understanding the relationship between obesity and positive and negative affect: the role of psychosocial mechanisms 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
We examined the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and positive and negative affect, and evaluated whether this relationship is mediated (or suppressed) by physical health, intrusiveness of weight on physical functioning, and distressing interpersonal interactions. Analyses were based on a national sample of more than 3,000 adults ages 25 to 74. Class II (BMI 35–39.9) and Class III (BMI ≥ 40) obesity were associated with more frequent negative affect and less frequent positive affect, even after demographic and socioeconomic status characteristics were controlled. After the purported pathway variables were controlled, however, obese I persons reported significantly more frequent positive affect, while overweight, obese I, and obese II persons reported significantly less frequent negative affect, compared to normal weight persons. These patterns did not differ significantly by race or gender. Our findings suggest that excessive body weight is not necessarily distressing, yet the physical and interpersonal strains associated with obesity may impair one's mood. We discuss the implications for policy and practice. 相似文献
718.
通过整群取样法对全国14个省市36所职业院校共1237名专职或兼职专业教师进行测查,探讨心理契约履行对教师职业倦怠的影响作用机制,即情感承诺在其中的中介作用,以及职称对上述关系的调节效应。结果表明:(1)情感承诺在心理契约履行对职业倦怠的影响关系中起了部分中介作用;(2)教师职称对心理契约履行对职业倦怠的影响作用具有调节效果;使用总效应调节模型对情感承诺在心理契约履行对教师职业倦怠的中介效应及教师职称的调节作用进行综合性分析,发现教师职称主要在第一阶段,即心理契约履行对情感承诺的影响作用上调节效果显著。当教师的职称较低时,上述关系及效应也越强。 相似文献
719.
目的:编制中学生心理求助意愿问卷。方法:经过初测后再选取260名中学生测试该问卷,并进行信度和效度的检验。结果:全量表的克隆巴赫a一致性系数为0.873(n=235,p<0.01);因素分析结果显示为经过初测后确定的四个因子的总方差贡献率为53.644%,四个因子分别为意愿倾向、评价、效果预期、心理卫生知识。结论:中学生心理求助意愿问卷具有较好的信效度,可以作为测查中学生心理求助态度和意愿的工具使用。 相似文献
720.
Intra-individual variability (IIV) and psychological flexibility (PF) in affect both describe affective change over time (i.e., within-person variability). However, IIV and PF might differ from each other and predict different psychological and physical health outcomes. A large sample of adults (n = 793) completed two assessments of daily stress, daily affect, and health over a 10-year interval in The National Study of Daily Experiences (an 8-day daily diary portion of the Midlife Development in the United States study). IIV and PF in affect were modestly reliable within and between assessments. IIV, operationalized as total variability, predicted worse psychological and physical health concurrently and prospectively. PF, operationalized as changes in dimensionality, predicted better psychological and physical health concurrently and prospectively. Other operationalizations of PF were not consistently related to health. Within-person variability in affect could therefore be adaptive or maladaptive depending on how it was defined. 相似文献