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971.
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between counterproductive behaviors (CPBs) and psychological
well-being in a teamwork setting. Moreover, we examined the moderating effect of task interdependence. CPBs are considered
in light of four dimensions, namely parasitism, interpersonal aggression, boastfulness, and misuse of resources.
Design/Methodology/Approach Data were collected from a sample of 249 individuals working in a Canadian prison. The study was based on two measurement
times.
Findings The results reveal that the four dimensions of CPBs are negatively related to psychological well-being and that relationships
involving interpersonal aggression and boastfulness are moderated by task interdependence.
Implications This study highlights the importance for managers to identify the presence of CPBs in their team as soon as possible so as
to be able to remedy them before they affect team members’ psychological well-being. Moreover, interpersonal aggression and
boastfulness may be particularly detrimental in a context of high interdependence.
Originality/Value This study further extends the nomological network of CPBs. Indeed, the results indicate that the presence of CPBs may harm
employees’ mental health. Furthermore, this study shows that a contextual characteristic (i.e., task interdependence) may
amplify the detrimental effect of some CPBs.
相似文献
C. AubéEmail: |
972.
The plurality of concepts 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Daniel Aaron Weiskopf 《Synthese》2009,169(1):145-173
Traditionally, theories of concepts in psychology assume that concepts are a single, uniform kind of mental representation.
But no single kind of representation can explain all of the empirical data for which concepts are responsible. I argue that
the assumption that concepts are uniformly the same kind of mental structure is responsible for these theories’ shortcomings,
and outline a pluralist theory of concepts that rejects this assumption. On pluralism, concepts should be thought of as being
constituted by multiple representational kinds, with the particular kind of concept used on an occasion being determined by
the context. I argue that endorsing pluralism does not lead to eliminativism about concepts as an object of scientific interest. 相似文献
973.
Brian P. McLaughlin 《Synthese》2009,170(2):251-274
One of the main challenges that Jerry Fodor and Zenon Pylyshyn (Cognition 28:3–71, 1988) posed for any connectionist theory
of cognitive architecture is to explain the systematicity of thought without implementing a Language of Thought (LOT) architecture.
The systematicity challenge presents a dilemma: if connectionism cannot explain the systematicity of thought, then it fails
to offer an adequate theory of cognitive architecture; and if it explains the systematicity of thought by implementing a LOT
architecture, then it fails to offer an alternative to the LOT hypothesis. Given that thought is systematic, connectionism
can offer an adequate alternative to the LOT hypothesis only if it can meet the challenge. Although some critics tried to
meet the challenge, others argued that it need not be met since thought is not in fact systematic; and some claimed not to
even understand the claim that thought is systematic. I do not here examine attempts to answer the challenge. Instead, I defend
the challenge itself by explicating the notion of systematicity in a way that I hope makes clear that thought is indeed systematic,
and so that to offer an adequate alternative to the LOT hypothesis, connectionism must meet the challenge. 相似文献
974.
J. Allan Cheyne 《Cognition》2009,111(1):98-113
We present arguments and evidence for a three-state attentional model of task engagement/disengagement. The model postulates three states of mind-wandering: occurrent task inattention, generic task inattention, and response disengagement. We hypothesize that all three states are both causes and consequences of task performance outcomes and apply across a variety of experimental and real-world tasks. We apply this model to the analysis of a widely used GO/NOGO task, the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART). We identify three performance characteristics of the SART that map onto the three states of the model: RT variability, anticipations, and omissions. Predictions based on the model are tested, and largely corroborated, via regression and lag-sequential analyses of both successful and unsuccessful withholding on NOGO trials as well as self-reported mind-wandering and everyday cognitive errors. The results revealed theoretically consistent temporal associations among the state indicators and between these and SART errors as well as with self-report measures. Lag analysis was consistent with the hypotheses that temporal transitions among states are often extremely abrupt and that the association between mind-wandering and performance is bidirectional. The bidirectional effects suggest that errors constitute important occasions for reactive mind-wandering. The model also enables concrete phenomenological, behavioral, and physiological predictions for future research. 相似文献
975.
Jean E. Dumas Jenelle Nissley-Tsiopinis Angela D. Moreland 《Journal of child and family studies》2007,16(1):1-26
Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to the process of engagement in preventive parenting groups, we tested the ability
of family and child measures to predict intent to enroll, enrollment, attendance, and quality of participation in PACE (Parenting
Our Children to Excellence). PACE is a prevention trial testing the efficacy of a structured program to promote effective
parenting and reduce risk of adverse child outcomes. Mothers of preschoolers (N=451) from diverse ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds participated at two sites. Results showed that mothers who stated
their intent to enroll reported relatively few time constraints but high levels of stress, as did mothers who enrolled. The
latter also experienced elevated levels of oppositional defiant child behaviors, indicating that the program reached families
who stood to benefit from it. Attendance, which was also best predicted by few time constraints, was high (with 49% of mothers
who enrolled attending 5 or more of 8 sessions). In turn, attendance predicted quality of participation (at 1 site only),
with mothers attending more sessions participating more actively and enthusiastically. Ethnicity and, with a few exceptions,
socioeconomic circumstances and site, were not significant predictors of intent, enrollment, or attendance. Results provide
qualified support for the TPB and illustrate its relevance to preventive research and interventions. 相似文献
976.
Sean Kelly 《Social Psychology of Education》2007,10(3):331-352
Research in the social psychology of achievement motivation stresses the contribution of the classroom motivational context
to problems of student engagement among low achieving students. This analysis contributes to that literature through a focused
analysis of English and language arts instruction during the middle school years. Using data from the Partnership for Literacy
Study the author investigates the relationship between classroom evaluation during question and answer sessions and two forms
of student engagement, participation in classroom discourse, and student effort on classroom and homework assignments. When
teachers focus on provoking student thought and analysis, and postpone evaluation during question and answer sessions by engaging
in dialogic instruction, levels of student effort are more evenly distributed among students. Moreover, the relationship between
levels of initial achievement and student effort is weaker in classrooms where teachers incorporate elements of dialogic instruction
into question and answer sessions. However, dialogic instruction had no effect on the distribution of participation in classroom
discourse itself. 相似文献
977.
A Question of Balance or Blind Faith?: Scientists’ and Science Policymakers’ Representations of the Benefits and Risks of Nanotechnologies 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In recent years, in the UK and elsewhere, scientists and science policymakers have grappled with the question of how to reap
the benefits of nanotechnologies while minimising the risks. Having recognised the importance of public support for future
innovations, they have placed increasing emphasis on ‘engaging’ ‘the public’ during the early phase of technology development.
Meaningful engagement suggests some common ground between experts and lay publics in relation to the definition of nanotechnologies
and of their benefits and risks. However, views on nanotechnologies are likely to vary according to where actors stand in
the technology production/consumption/assessment cycle. Drawing on data from a recent UK-based study, this article examines
how scientists (‘upstream’ and ‘downstream’) and policymakers portray the benefits and risks of nanotechnologies, particularly
as they relate to two major areas of predicted application, namely medicine/public health and environmental sustainability.
The findings reveal that, in the main, scientists and science policymakers held a positive conception of nanotechnologies
and see imminent applications, although they acknowledged particular risks, including adverse public reaction. While definitions
of ‘benefit’ and ‘risk’ varied, most saw the benefits as outweighing the risks and believed that the risks could be adequately
regulated once they were assessed. The difficulties of assessing risk, however, were acknowledged. The study raises a number
of questions that will need to be addressed if regulations are to be developed that not only protect people’s heath and wellbeing
and the environment but also engender public trust in nanotechnologies.
相似文献
Alison Anderson (Corresponding author)Email: |
978.
Sanna J. Thompson Kimberly Bender Janet Lantry Patrick M. Flynn 《Contemporary Family Therapy》2007,29(1-2):39-55
Client engagement is an essential yet challenging ingredient in effective therapy. Engaged clients are more likely to bond
with therapists and counselors, endorse treatment goals, participate to a greater degree, remain in treatment longer, and
report higher levels of satisfaction. This study explored the process of engaging high-risk youth and their parents in a unique
home-based family therapy intervention. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 19 families who completed family therapy
sessions that included a core component aimed at increasing treatment engagement. Parents’ and youths’ perceptions of engagement
suggest the importance of developing therapeutic alliance with therapists, who facilitated building a shared alliance among
family members. Implications for improving client engagement are discussed within the context of alliance building with the
therapist and among family members. 相似文献
979.
David G. Songy 《Pastoral Psychology》2007,56(2):237-247
While the recent Instruction by the Congregation for Catholic Education concerning the criteria for the discernment of vocations
with regard to persons with homosexual tendencies has offered a clear direction to bishops and religious superiors in screening
candidates, a discussion by psychologists on methods of assessing the presence of such tendencies within individuals is necessary.
This paper will review relevant assessment techniques and suggest how psychologists can address this issue in evaluation reports,
including making specific recommendations relevant to the issue of homosexual tendencies. 相似文献
980.
工作倦怠:一个不断扩展的研究领域 总被引:67,自引:1,他引:66
工作倦怠的研究始终处于不断扩展与完善之中。从适用于人际工作者的单一概念与结构扩展到适用于一般人群的概念与结构;从理论上的关注个体评价过程到重视需要与资源平衡的观点;从负性的倦怠研究到对积极的工作投入的研究;从传统组织的倦怠研究到开始关注了新兴组织形式下的倦怠问题;以及从原来的只有在美国的研究扩展到开始关注跨文化的比较研究。文章还对今后研究的热点与方向进行了展望 相似文献