A theoretical upgrade of the concept of parental psychological control: Proposing new insights on the basis of self-determination theory

Psychological control refers to manipulative parental behavior that intrudes upon the child’s psychological world. During the past decade, socialization research has consistently demonstrated the negative effects of psychologically controlling parenting on children’s and adolescents’ development. However, there has been relatively little advance in our conceptual understanding of this parenting construct. The present overview aims to enrich the theoretical background of the concept of psychological control by relating it to concepts used in self-determination theory. It is argued that this theoretical background allows for (a) a clearer definition of the concept of psychological control, (b) a more refined understanding of the dynamics involved in psychologically controlling parenting, and (c) a greater insight regarding its generalization across age and cultures. Directions for future research are formulated with respect to each of these three issues.     

现代医师心理人格数学模型的建立及测评

目的探索现代医师职业心理人格特点及构建其数学模型。方法采用经典性格量表16PF测验职业医师与新医师两类群体,并应用Logistic回归模型以及判别分析等统计方法研究。结果新医师和职业医师心理人格存在不同的特点,并随着职业生涯发展其心理人格呈现一定变化趋势;结论现代医师心理人格数学模型基本能反映新入行者大致的职业心理倾向,准确判别率为82.8%,可作为医院选聘考核新医生的参考依据。     

Job stressors, emotional exhaustion, and need for recovery: A multi-source study on the benefits of psychological detachment

This paper examines psychological detachment (i.e., mentally “switching off”) from work during non-work time as a partial mediator between job stressors and low work-home boundaries on the one hand and strain reactions (emotional exhaustion, need for recovery) on the other hand. Survey data were collected from a sample of protestant pastors (N = 136) and their spouses (N = 97). Analyses showed that high workload, emotional dissonance, and low spatial work-home boundaries were related to poor psychological detachment from work during non-work time. Poor psychological detachment in turn predicted high levels of emotional exhaustion and need for recovery. Psychological detachment was a partial mediator between job stressors and strain reactions. This study avoids same-source bias and demonstrates the importance of psychological detachment in the stressor–strain relationship.     

“90后”大一新生适应性及心理健康状况研究

目的研究分析"90后"大一新生心理适应能力及心理健康状况,为更好地开展"90后"大一新生的心理健康教育工作提供依据。方法采用心理适应能力问卷和症状自评量表(SCL-90)对四川大学和四川师范大学2009级800名新生进行调查。结果①有54.9%的学生心理适应能力较差,仅有3.3%的学生有较强的心理适应能力;②"90后"大一新生的心理健康水平总体低于全国青年常模,除躯体化和敌对因子外,其它因子得分显著高于常模(P0.05);③不同心理适应能力的"90后"大一新生在SCL-90各个维度上均存在显著差异(P0.05),但性别比较时,只在恐怖因子上存在显著差异(P0.05)。结论"90后"大一新生心理健康状况不容忽视,学校应结合"90后"学生的特点,加强心理健康教育,提高"90后"大一新生的心理适应能力及心理健康水平。     

高校教师心理契约问卷的编制

在文献分析与教师访谈的基础上,编制了《高校教师心理契约问卷》。对174名高校教师进行预试,通过对问卷的信度、效度的检验与探索性因素分析后,形成初步问卷。应用该问卷对11个省31所大学的358名教师进行测量,验证性因素分析后修正了高校教师心理契约的结构模型。结果表明,高校教师心理契约的结构符合三维度结构模型,且教师责任和学校责任两方面均分为交易责任、发展责任和关系责任。编制的高校教师心理契约问卷共24个项目,信度、效度良好,适合用以研究高校教师的心理契约。     

Measuring cognitive and psychological engagement: Validation of the Student Engagement Instrument

A review of relevant literatures led to the construction of a self-report instrument designed to measure two subtypes of student engagement with school: cognitive and psychological engagement. The psychometric properties of this measure, the Student Engagement Instrument (SEI), were assessed based on responses of an ethnically and economically diverse urban sample of 1931 ninth grade students. Factor structures were obtained using exploratory factor analyses (EFAs) on half of the dataset, with model fit examined using confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) on the other half of the dataset. The model displaying the best empirical fit consisted of six factors, and these factors correlated with expected educational outcomes. Further research is suggested in the iterative process of developing the SEI, and the implications of these findings are discussed.     

论英美医事法立法体系

我国现阶段的有关医疗方面的法律、法规,在整个医疗卫生活动中起到了规范和制约的作用,但仍不完善。了解国外医事立法的历史和现状,有利于我国医事立法工作的开展。从英美法系医事立法出发,对英美法系的医事立法进行讲解和论述,从而起到借鉴的作用。     

Rawlsian social-contract theory and the severely disabled

Martha Nussbaum has powerfully argued in Frontiers ofJustice and elsewhere that John Rawls’s sort of social-contract theory cannot usefully be deployed to deal with issues pertaining to justice for the disabled. To counter this claim, this article deploys Rawls’s sort of social-contract theory in order to deal with issues pertaining to justice for the disabled—or, since, as Nussbaum stresses, we all have some degree of disability—for the severely disabled. In this way, rather than questioning one by one Nussbaum’s interpretive claims about Rawls’s view, one can simply see how the Rawlsian framework can work in application to this issue. Following Rawls’s lead, the paper utilizes the idealized “initial choice situation” as an analytic and comparative device for examining alternative principles of justice, developing three different interpretations of the initial choice situation that each correspond to a different set of principles that apply to people of all levels of disability. One of these sets of principles is a simple extension of Rawls’s, one is very close to what Nussbaum herself recommends, and the third is a kind of hybrid. In this way, it is shown not only that Rawls’s social-contract device can usefully be applied to these issues, but also that it is helpful for exploring the deep commitments underlying each of these competing sets of principles. This extension to Rawls’s device clearly departs to some extent from his intentions; but the paper argues that the ideal of reciprocity, which might be thought to pose the biggest obstacle to applying his social-contract device to issues pertaining to the severely disabled (those who are not capable of being cooperative members of society), is not an independently essential commitment of his mature social-contract view, central though it was to Rawls’s thought in the 1950s.     

What you don’t know won’t hurt me: Costly (but quiet) exit in dictator games

We used simple economic games to examine pro-social behavior and the lengths that people will take to avoid engaging in it. Over two studies, we found that about one-third of participants were willing to “exit” a $10 dictator game and take $9 instead. The exit option left the receiver nothing, but also ensured that the receiver never knew that a dictator game was to be played. Because most social utility models are defined over monetary outcomes, they cannot explain choosing the ($9, $0) exit outcome over the dominating $10 dictator game, since the game includes outcomes of ($10, $0) and ($9, $1). We also studied exiting using a “private” dictator game. In the private game, the receiver never knew about the game or from where any money was received. Gifts in this game were added innocuously to a payment for a separate task. Almost no dictators exited from the private game, indicating that receivers’ beliefs are the key factor in the decision to exit. When, as in the private game, the receivers’ beliefs and expectations cannot be manipulated by exit, exit is seldom taken. We conclude that giving often reflects a desire not to violate others’ expectations rather than a concern for others’ welfare per se. We discuss the implications of our results for understanding ethical decisions and for testing and modeling social preferences. An adequate specification of social preferences should include “psychological” payoffs that directly incorporate beliefs about actions into the utility function.     

无边界职业生涯时代的就业能力:一种新的心理契约

在无边界职业生涯时代,以雇员忠诚换取就业保障为特征的心理契约,正逐步被以绩效换取就业能力为特征的新的心理契约所取代。基于就业能力的心理契约管理要求组织通过沟通了解员工的期望和态度,给员工以更多的知识积累和学习机会,实施合理的组织策略,提升员工的就业能力。