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101.
Mark Balaguer 《Synthese》2009,168(1):1-21
This paper considers the empirical evidence that we currently have for various kinds of determinism that might be relevant
to the thesis that human beings possess libertarian free will. Libertarianism requires a very strong version of indeterminism,
so it can be refuted not just by universal determinism, but by some much weaker theses as well. However, it is argued that
at present, we have no good reason to believe even these weak deterministic views and, hence, no good reason—at least from
this quarter—to doubt that we are libertarian free. In particular, the paper responds to various arguments for neural and
psychological determinism, arguments based on the work of people like Honderich, Tegmark, Libet, Velmans, Wegner, and Festinger. 相似文献
102.
Within the context of the psychological refractory period (PRP) paradigm, we developed a general theoretical framework for deciding when it is more efficient to process two tasks in serial and when it is more efficient to process them in parallel. This analysis suggests that a serial mode is more efficient than a parallel mode under a wide variety of conditions and thereby suggests that ubiquitous evidence of serial processing in PRP tasks could result from performance optimization rather than from a structural bottleneck. The analysis further suggests that the experimenter-selected distribution of stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) influences the relative efficiency of the serial and parallel modes, with a preponderance of short SOAs favoring a parallel mode. Experiments varying the distribution of SOAs were conducted, and the results suggest that there is a shift from a more serial mode to a more parallel mode as the likelihood of short SOAs increases. 相似文献
103.
Anne E. Brodsky 《American journal of community psychology》2009,44(3-4):176-187
The study of positive outcomes associated with strong psychological sense of community (PSOC) has grown worldwide. Yet most research explores PSOC as a uni-dimensional (positive) variable operating in a single referent community. Theoretical and empirical literature has suggested, however, that PSOC can be positive, neutral or negative (Brodsky in J Commun Psychol 24(4):347–363, 1996; Brodsky et al. in Psychological sense of community: Research, applications and implications. Kluwer, New York 2002) and since people live in multiple physical and relational communities, there may be multiple PSOCs (M-PSOC) operating simultaneously and interactively (Brodsky and Marx in J Commun Psychol 29(2):1–18, 2001). This paper explores the operation of M-PSOC in the lives of Afghan women, and male supporters, who belonged to a resistance organization before, during and after the Taliban regime. Decisions to join and stay in this community can be explained, in part, through the differentiation of positive, organizational-level PSOC from negative, macro-community-level PSOC. In addition, M-PSOC suggests unique cultural meanings of the terms “community” and “choice.” Findings have implications for cross-cultural community work and for fostering resilient sub-communities in the face of macro and societal-level risks and oppression. 相似文献
104.
This article attempts to provide a conceptual framework placing anxiety in a personal growth perspective. The authors first
discuss two different theories of anxiety, review some structural models of anxiety, and stress that anxiety should be studied
as a certain kind of relation or interaction between the subject and her stimuli. Then a challenge-and-response model of normal
anxiety of its cognitive components is established, which sorts anxiety into heteronomous one and autonomic one, and supposes
that heteronomous anxiety includes two dimensions: the fall between the level of external challenge and the level of self
challenge, and the importance of the external challenge. Some related evidences for the preceding hypothesis are examined,
and then compared with related models. Finally, based on the model, a valid coping strategy of anxiety was put forward, from
which the mechanism of normal coping style of anxiety in daily life can be well understood. 相似文献
105.
Amiram Raviv Keren Sharvit Alona Raviv Shiran Rosenblat-Stein 《Journal of child and family studies》2009,18(2):151-162
We investigated the gap between parents’ willingness to seek help for their children and their willingness to refer other
parents to help, and the relationship of this gap to gender. Two hundred and eleven parent couples with elementary-school
children reported their willingness to seek help from professional and informal sources for a hypothetical problem with their
child, and their willingness to refer a friend’s child with an identical problem to similar help. Attitudes toward help seeking
and parental behaviors were also measured. Findings revealed that parents were more willing to refer a friend’s child to professional
help than they were to seek such help for their own child, although no gap was found regarding informal help. No gender differences
were found regarding willingness to seek help or to refer another, although gender was related to variables that predicted
help seeking. 相似文献
106.
Fernando Gutiérrez Josep M. Peri Xavier Torres Xavier Caseras Manuel Valdés 《Journal of research in personality》2007
Serious problems persist concerning the conceptualization and measurement of the coping construct. This study examines the properties and factor structure of the COPE questionnaire, one of the most widely used instruments to measure coping, in a sample of 471 patients. A series of exploratory factor procedures are applied at the item- and scale-level, and the resulting solutions are tested both by their congruence with previously published structures and by confirmatory techniques. Our finding of three robust, generalizable, and parsimonious second-order dimensions—Engagement, Disengagement, and Help-Seeking—challenges the original structure. The results are discussed from an evolutionary perspective, on the assumption that the recognition of coping as the activation of vestigial defenses may make a substantial contribution to clarifying its functions and organization. 相似文献
107.
108.
随着高等教育规模的扩大,学业表现不良逐渐成为一个不容忽视的现象,对学业表现不良的学生进行预测并提早给予干预可降低退学率并减少教育资源的损失。由于导致学业表现不良的因素众多且关系复杂,传统的基于相关分析的研究方法很难建立早期预测模型并进行应用。本研究旨在利用机器学习算法,对数据进行挖掘,并建立学业表现预测模型。研究对653名大一新生的心理健康状况、应对方式、人格、内外控倾向和相关人口统计学信息进行了收集,并在一年后采集了其学业成绩,利用随机森林(RF)、K邻近(KNN)、支持向量机(SVM)、决策树(DT)、朴素贝叶斯(NB)等机器学习算法建立了分类模型。结果显示,随机森林算法在识别学业表现不良学生时有最好的表现,其中准确率95.86%, 召回率91.83%,f1分数为93.80%。特征重要性分析显示,前10个对模型有最高贡献度的特征包括:年龄、性别、是否为独生子、内外控倾向、神经质倾向、积极应对倾向、宜人性倾向、一般症状指数、开放性倾向和焦虑水平。为避免过度拟合问题,本研究在一年后收集的166名新生样本中进行了模型验证,结果显示模型在新数据集上有较好的泛化表现,其中f1分数90.90%,准确率92.60%,召回率89.26%。研究提示基于人口统计学和心理测评信息,机器学习算法有助于及早识别学业表现不良学生并为开展早期干预提供启示。 相似文献
109.
This study explored factors related to risk, resilience and health amongst South African teenagers. Grade nine students (N = 472; males = 210, females = 262, age range = 12 to 18 years) at seven schools in the Western Cape participated in the study. The California Healthy Kids Survey, which includes risk and resilience modules, was utilized. Focus group interviews were also conducted with the students to determine their needs and support at school. Questionnaires relating to the health promoting schools framework were administered to teachers. Quantitative and qualitative research methodologies were employed. The results indicated that the students were engaged in a variety of risk behaviors that threatened their well-being and that their external and internal assets were limited. A multi-faceted approach to reducing risk and enhancing resilience, involving family, peer, school and community support within a health promoting schools framework, is advocated. 相似文献
110.
Ansie Elizabeth Kitching Vera Roos Ronel Ferreira 《Journal of Psychology in Africa》2013,23(2):187-199
This study aimed to understand the nature of nurturing and restraining relationships in a school communiy. The inquiry entailed a single instrumental case study of a selected school community in a semi-urban context in South Africa. Participants were learners (n=720), teachers (n=33) and administrative and terrain staff members (N=8) as well as two parents. Data on participants' perceptions of relationships in the school community were collected using work sessions/nominal group techniques, visual representations, and focus group interviews. Thematic analysis of the data revealed connectedness, respect, care and transparent communication as aspects that nurture relationships. Limited connectedness between people, the abuse of power, shifting of responsibility and disrespect for one another were revealed as aspects that restrain relationships. 相似文献