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691.
Turner HA 《American journal of community psychology》2007,40(3-4):181-193
Considerable research has found elevated levels of stress and psychological distress among single mothers. However, little research has addressed the relevance of employment for stress processes in this population, and few studies have focused on links between employment, stress, and mental health among single mothers living in rural areas. Based on a probability sample of 508 single mothers age 18-39 living in rural Northern New England, this study: (1) documents variations in chronic stress and psychological distress for employed and unemployed single mothers, (2) considers the extent to which different forms of chronic stress mediate or explain the employment-distress relationship, and (3) examines whether employment status modifies associations between chronic stress and psychological distress. Findings indicated that rural single mothers who were employed reported significantly less financial stress, childcare stress, and rural residence stress, relative to mothers who were not employed, independent of variety of other factors. Employed mothers also experienced significantly less psychological distress which was partially mediating by their lower financial stress. However, there was also a statistical interaction between employment status and financial stress such that the harmful effect of financial stress on well-being was greater for employed women. Implications of the findings are discussed. 相似文献
692.
Wilkinson D 《American journal of community psychology》2007,40(3-4):214-229
Items from the Neighborhood Cohesion Instrument were completed by 1,732 individuals from a random sample of households in 20 rural communities across Canada during the summer of 2001. Confirmatory factor analysis of the NCI items based on polychoric correlations and weighted least squares estimation found three underlying latent variables. Although items were related to the three latent variables in a somewhat different manner than they were in Buckner's original study, the same three latent variables were evident, providing convincing evidence that social cohesion has at least three subscales: psychological sense of community, neighboring, and attraction. Correlations between subscales were relatively high (between .67 and .87). Intraclass correlation coefficients for the three scales were .115, .127, and .112. In addition, the community means differed on different subscales in a manner that related to recognized characteristics of the communities. Thus the subscales are appropriate measures for both individuals and communities and can be recommended for further research on social cohesion. 相似文献
693.
John R. Reddon Shane M. Whippler Jan E. Reddon 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2007,26(1):60-69
The American and Canadian standardization samples for the fourth edition of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children were
used to ascertain the prevalence of “seemingly anomalous” Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) scores for all possible sums of scaled scores
combinations of the Verbal Comprehension Index, Perceptual Reasoning Index, Working Memory Index, and Processing Speed Index.
About 1% of FSIQ scores in both samples were anomalous (that is, fell outside the range of the four indices). Interestingly,
the prevalence of anomalous scores was higher at the extremes of the FSIQ distribution. Moreover, anomalous FSIQ scores occurring
above or below the mean of the FSIQ distribution (that is, 100) were larger or smaller, respectively, than any of the four
indices. Furthermore, if the range of the four indices did contain the FSIQ (the non-anomalous case), when the FSIQ was below
or above 100 it tended to be located distally in the half-segment of the range furthest below or above 100, respectively.
A non-technical intuitive analogy from Olympic sports and a statistical explanation for the findings are provided. Important
implications for practitioners are also presented.
Portions of this paper were presented March 17, 2006 at the 20th annual Joseph R. Royce Research Conference, Department of
Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta. 相似文献
694.
Condello C Gesuita R Pensabene M Spagnoletti I Capuano I Baldi C Carle F Contegiacomo A 《Journal of genetic counseling》2007,16(5):625-634
We conducted a psychological assessment during oncogenetic counseling for hereditary breast/ovarian cancer. Anxiety and depression
were assessed with the HAD scale, and family functioning and satisfaction with FACES III. HAD was administered at baseline
(t
1), at risk communication (t
2), at genetic test result communication, or at first surveillance in not tested subjects (t
3); FACES III was administered at baseline only. We analysed a total of 185 questionnaires administered to the 37 subjects
studied. Although not pathological, distress was significantly higher at t
2 and t
3 (p = 0.027 and p = 0.039, respectively). Health and marital status were significantly associated with distress. In a disease-free condition,
anxiety was higher (p = 0.027) at t
2, and for single status, depression increased from t
1 to t
2 (p = 0.026). Families were perceived to be well functioning, and subjects were satisfied with their families. The data collected
in this analysis could help to improve the quality of oncogenetic counselling in clinical practice. 相似文献
695.
The aim of the present paper was to describe and evaluate many of the measurement scales currently used in genetic counseling
outcomes research. A team of three researchers reviewed the available literature and selected a variety of validated instruments
suitable for measurement of genetic counseling outcomes. There are numerous scales to assess each of the following outcomes
among counselees: satisfaction with genetic counseling; knowledge; decision-making; psychological adjustment; coping; perceived
personal control; perceptions of disease risk; and family communication about genetic risk. However, the strengths and limitations
inherent to each instrument warrant careful consideration prior to implementation. In the genetic counseling context, scale
selection should be undertaken with thought directed towards the characteristics of the research sample (e.g. levels of literacy,
culture, medical condition), the practicalities of the research setting (e.g. available funding and resources, time restrictions,
researcher expertise), the purpose of the research (i.e. the specific aspect of the genetic counseling experience to be studied),
and the science underlying the scale (e.g. theoretical framework, psychometric properties). 相似文献
696.
Zoltán Kovács Ferenc Kovács Ákos Pap Pál Czobor 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2007,14(2):138-144
Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by pancreatobiliary-type of pain
in the absence of organic abnormalities. The aim of this study was to investigate specific psychosocial predictors of functional
outcome in a group of patients consecutively referred to a gastroenterological department for biliary-type of pain. Based
on medical examination patients were divided into functional (SOD) and organic groups. Self-administered questionnaires regarding
demographic characteristics, psychological distress (Symptom Check-List-90–R, [SCL-90-R]), severity of acute and chronic stress,
level of subjective well-being and satisfaction with health were completed. The analyses were based on the logistic regression
approach. In this sample, SOD patients were older than organic patients and more likely female. Logistic regression analysis showed that higher acute
stress (i.e., main effect) was associated with a decreased likelihood of functional (SOD) outcome, whereas the combination
of acute stress with chronic stress and the combination of acute stress with higher severity of psychopathology (i.e., interaction
effect) was associated with an increased likelihood of functional (SOD) outcome. These findings suggest stressful life events
in combination with certain psychological symptoms can play a role in the symptom presentation of patients with sphincter
of Oddi dysfunction. 相似文献
697.
Timothy Page Terri Combs-Orme Daphne S. Cain 《Journal of child and family studies》2007,16(2):155-167
We examined the psychological dimensions of parents’ perceptions of their infant children and their own abilities as parents
at two observation points in a racially and socio-economically diverse sample of 174 mothers. Parenting perceptions and life
circumstances were hypothesized to predict interactive behavior observed in the home. Baseline assessments were conducted
in hospital, within 36 hr of delivery. Follow-up assessments were conducted in their homes when the children were 6 to 12
months old. Of five major psychological constructs studied, only parents’ perceptions of children, represented particularly
by empathic responsiveness and absence of role-reversal, predicted the quality of behavioral interactions in the home. Perceptions
of children were themselves predicted by parents’ perceptions of the quality of care they themselves received from their own
parents, and by lifestyle stress. Our findings suggest that clinical interventions with parents should include a focus on
strengthening reflective capacities with respect to caregiving experiences, and empathic responsiveness to their children. 相似文献
698.
Henry P. H. Chow 《Social Psychology of Education》2007,10(4):483-493
This article reports the findings from a questionnaire survey of university students’ scholastic achievement and psychological
well-being in a Canadian prairie city. Multiple ordinary least-squares regression analyses revealed that sex, educational
aspirations, hours spent on studying, father’s education, physical health, financial stress, and stress due to balancing work,
school, and social life were found to be significantly associated with academic performance. More specifically, female students
and those who reported higher educational aspirations, indicated better physical health, experienced less financial stress
or stress due to finance or to balancing work, school, and social life, spent more time on studying, and those whose father
had a higher level of education were found to perform better academically. On the other hand, income, physical health, relationship
with significant other, relationship with family, relationships with friends, self image, and academic stress were found to
be significantly related to psychological well-being. Put succinctly, respondents who had a higher family income, reported
better physical health, expressed a higher degree of satisfaction with their relationships with family, friends, and significant
other, indicated a more positive self-image, and experienced less academic stress were found to exhibit a significantly higher
level of psychological well-being. 相似文献
699.
Miller A 《Brain and cognition》2007,65(1):47-68
The social neuroscience of child and adolescent depression is inherently multidisciplinary. Depressive disorders beginning early in life can have serious developmental and functional consequences. Psychopathology research has described depression's defining clinical and contextual features, and intervention research has characterized its response to treatment and prevention programs. Neuroendocrine, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging studies have identified core neurobiological aspects of early-onset mood disorders. These areas are reviewed using a developmental social neuroscience perspective for integrating disparate observations. The paper introduces a dynamic adaptive systems framework, and it discusses hedonic capacity, stress sensitivity, ruminative self-focus, and attentional impairments as fundamental components of mood disorders. 相似文献
700.
This study examines effects of the School-to-Work Group Method among 17-25-year-old young people facing the transition from vocational college to work. After baseline measurement (N = 416) participants were randomized into experimental and control groups. The results of ten month follow-up (N = 334) showed notable beneficial impacts of the group method on both employment itself and on how well it matched participants’ education and personal career plans. The group method also had a significant preventive effect on psychological distress and depression symptoms among those initially at risk of suffering from mental disorder. Moreover, it considerably increased participants’ personal work life, finances and property goals. 相似文献