Metamemory knowledge and beliefs in patients with schizophrenia and how these relate to objective cognitive abilities

Subjective reports and theories about memory may have an influence on other beliefs and behaviours. Patients with schizophrenia suffer a wide range of deficits affecting their awareness of daily life, including memory. With the Metamemory Inventory in Adulthood (MIA) we ascertained patients’ memory knowledge and thoughts about their own cognitive capacities and about several aspects of cognitive functioning: personal capacities, knowledge of processes, use of strategies, perceived change with ageing, anxiety, motivation and mastery. The participants’ ratings were correlated with their intellectual, cognitive and psychiatric data. Patients felt they had a lower capacity and marginally lower mastery over their memory than comparison subjects. They reported less recourse to strategies, and higher levels of memory-related anxiety. However, their knowledge of basic memory processes, motivation to succeed, and perception of ageing effects were similar. So patients with schizophrenia do not suffer a general and non specific impairment of their metacognitive knowledge.     

三字字谜顿悟的时间进程和半球效应：一项ERP研究

运用事件相关电位ERPs技术, 采用猜谜任务范式, 从字谜问题解决中谜底“催化”所诱发顿悟的时间进程和半球差异两方面来探讨顿悟的认知神经机制。结果发现：在320~550ms内, “有顿悟”和“不理解”较“无顿悟”的ERP波形均有一个更大的负向偏移。在“有顿悟-无顿悟”和“不理解-无顿悟”差异波中, 该负成分的潜伏期约为380ms, 差异波的脑电峰值锁定在Cz点。半球主效应不显著, 但反应与半球交互效应显著, 其中“有顿悟”差异波的右半球平均波幅显著高于左半球和矢中部。结果表明：N380可能反映了顿悟中舍弃强外显意义而选择弱内在隐喻意义的认知抉择过程, 且右半球在“顿悟”中表现出优势效应。     

启发信息对个体顿悟问题解决影响的眼动研究

本研究以火柴棒算式问题为实验材料,采用2(问题类型:问题A、问题B)×2(启发类型:有、无)×2(认知风格:场独立型、场依存型)×5(兴趣区:第一个加数、加号、第二个加数、等号和结果)实验设计,考察顿悟问题解决时个体的眼动差异。结果发现:相对于场依存型个体,场独立型个体能够更有效地利用启发信息来减小表征变换时的心理加工负荷,进而提高加工效率;启发信息促进问题解决者对问题的表征从数值表征转变到符号表征,从而成功地产生了顿悟。     

心理咨询中领悟质量的评定依据——当事人和咨询师的视角

为获得当事人和咨询师对心理咨询中领悟质量的评定依据,采用协商一致的质性研究方法分别对13位当事人和15位咨询师的访谈材料进行分析。结果：当事人的评定依据包括影响力和特性;而咨询师的评定依据包括影响力、特性、类型、产生方式以及当事人对领悟的接纳程度。结论：领悟的影响力和领悟的特性是评定领悟质量的重要依据。     

工作记忆对顿悟和分析型问题解决的影响

摘要 采用顿悟-分析自我报告范式,以远距离联想任务为实验材料,从工作记忆容量和工作记忆负荷两个角度考察了工作记忆对顿悟和分析型问题解决的影响。结果表明,高工作记忆容量个体分析型问题解决的表现优于低工作记忆容量者,但在顿悟表现上无显著差异;工作记忆负荷较小时个体分析型问题解决表现更佳,但对顿悟表现没有影响。说明通过分析解决创造性问题的表现依赖于工作记忆的支持,而通过顿悟解决问题的表现与工作记忆无关。     

部件类型还是交错关系信息的习得促进问题解决？

本研究旨在探讨知觉组块中部件类型和空间交错关系信息的学习是否促进问题解决。研究采用学习-测试范式,71名有效被试（女性25名,平均年龄=20.51±2.35岁）先学习解答组块破解问题然后进行测试。研究分别在学习和测试阶段基于组块破解任务操纵了部件类型（汉字水平vs.笔画水平）和空间交错关系（交错vs.非交错）。学习阶段,被试分别在四组中完成组块破解练习;在测试阶段完成所有四组问题。研究发现,对交错关系信息的学习与利用相对于部件类型信息促进了问题解决：在涉及交错信息的测试任务上,涉及交错信息比非交错信息的学习条件解答率更高,反应时更短;反之则不是。然而部件类型则没有发现类似的促进效应。与此同时,交错关系信息的习得需要对任务的重复操作学习：涉及交错关系信息的组块破解学习成绩在不同任务间并不随时间推移而提高,但会随重复学习次数而提高。     

新颖语义联结在顿悟促进记忆效果中的作用

采用成语谜题选择任务, 通过学习-测验范式探究顿悟促进记忆的认知神经机制。实验1采用行为实验, 验证成语谜题选择范式在探究顿悟促进记忆中的有效性, 结果显示, 相比于寻常联结条件, 新颖联结条件下被试在学习阶段具有更高的顿悟感得分, 在测试阶段具有更高的正确率, 范式的有效性得以验证。实验2采用fMRI技术探究顿悟促进记忆的关键脑区。结果显示, 相比于失败记忆新颖联结条件, 成功记忆新颖联结条件更强地激活了顿悟过程相关脑区, 包括海马、杏仁核、额中回、颞上回和颞中回。这说明在学习阶段的顿悟问题解决过程中, 对信息的深加工与积极情绪促进了随后的记忆; 对其进一步分析发现, 相比于寻常联结记忆, 新颖联结对记忆的促进效应主要与右侧海马激活有关, 它可能反映了在顿悟问题解决中新颖联结形成过程建立了情节记忆以及新颖且有价值的语义联结。研究结果表明新颖语义联结形成在顿悟促进记忆中发挥了重要作用。     

Insight solutions are correct more often than analytic solutions

How accurate are insights compared to analytical solutions? In four experiments, we investigated how participants' solving strategies influenced their solution accuracies across different types of problems, including one that was linguistic, one that was visual and two that were mixed visual-linguistic. In each experiment, participants' self-judged insight solutions were, on average, more accurate than their analytic ones. We hypothesised that insight solutions have superior accuracy because they emerge into consciousness in an all-or-nothing fashion when the unconscious solving process is complete, whereas analytic solutions can be guesses based on conscious, prematurely terminated, processing. This hypothesis is supported by the finding that participants' analytic solutions included relatively more incorrect responses (i.e., errors of commission) than timeouts (i.e., errors of omission) compared to their insight responses.     

Enhanced happiness and stress alleviation upon insight meditation retreat: mindfulness,a part of traditional Buddhist meditation

This research aims to examine how traditional insight meditation in Thailand is trained and to investigate the impact of this practice on happiness and perceived stress. The fuller meaning of mindfulness and how to interweave mindfulness in daily practice is discussed. The intervention was a seven-day traditional insight meditation retreat in Thailand. The final sample included 656 participants, n?=?330 and 326 in experimental group and control group, respectively. Validated versions of happiness and perceived stress scales for Thai people were used. The magnitude of happiness and stress changes following the intervention, determined by effect sizes were used as a benchmark for interpreting the health status change between baseline and post-test. The effect sizes for happiness and perceived stress were .379 and ?.428 in the meditation group, which is much greater, compared to the effect sizes of ?.045 and ?.003, respectively, in the control group.     

Insight in frontotemporal dementia: conceptual analysis and empirical evaluation of the consensus criterion "loss of insight" in frontotemporal dementia

The objective of this study was to suggest a new formulation of the core research diagnostic consensus criterion "loss of insight" in frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Eight patients with FTD (diagnoses made by interviews, medical and neuropsychological examination, CT scan, and regional cerebral glucose metabolism measured by positron emission tomography (PET) participated in the study). The results indicated that insight was present in three out of eight patients, and that insight appears to be a heterogeneous concept. Two types of insight emerged: Emotional insight associated with frontotemporal functions, and cognitive insight, related to posterior cognitive functions. These results suggest that loss of insight should not serve as a core criterion on FTD, but serves well as a supportive criterion of the disease.