Jung's psychoid concept and Bion's proto‐mental concept: a comparison

Jung and Bion both developed theoretical concepts propounding a deeply unknowable area of the psyche in which body and mind are undifferentiated and the individual has no distinct identity, from which a differentiated consciousness arises. In Jung's case, this is enshrined in his psychoid concept and the associated notion of synchronicity and, in Bion's case, in his proto‐mental concept and his ideas on group dynamics. It is by means of these two concepts that Jung and Bion approach and locate a combined body‐mind, a monism, in which body and mind are seen as different aspects of the same thing. This paper reviews the claim that although the two concepts are associated clinically with very different situations, their commonality may arise from a similar intellectual basis: both men appear to have been influenced by the same source of vitalist ideas in philosophy including Henri Bergson, and Jung's ideas also exerted a direct influence on Bion.     

Nina Coltart and the border of Bethlehem

Nina Coltart's freedom in addressing delicate areas such as spirituality and Buddhism within a psychoanalytic framework has opened borders between different psychoanalytic communities. This paper sets out to identify a deep‐rooted philosophical tension that runs through several aspects of Coltart's work starting from her ‘Slouching towards Bethlehem … or, thinking the unthinkable in psychoanalysis’. In exploring this central topic in depth psychology, of the distinction between thinkable and unthinkable contents, the author argues that it is not a fundamental distinction in Coltart's work but is rather a particular example of a more fundamental structural dichotomy which pervades her approach and which manifests in several different guises. It is the breadth and sincerity of Coltart's writings which make this a useful exercise, not only for understanding the structure of her work but also in illuminating some structural tensions which permeate depth‐psychological pursuits in general.     

实体和初级关系（FOR）匹配的分离与结合对故事类比通达的影响

采用移动窗口阅读技术深入探讨实体和初级关系（FOR）匹配的分离与结合对故事类比通达的影响,对表面特征和结构特征在类比通达中的作用进行检验。实验1探讨系统变化目标故事和线索故事之间实体匹配数目与实体和初级关系（FOR）匹配的分离与结合是否影响读线索故事时对目标故事的回想。实验2探讨系统变化目标故事和线索故事之间初级关系（FOR）匹配的数目与实体和初级关系（FOR）匹配的分离与结合是否影响读线索故事时对目标故事的回想。实验3探讨实体和初级关系（FOR）匹配的分离与结合对目标故事的通达是否与高级关系（HOR）的匹配有关。结果表明,实体匹配独立影响通达,实体和初级关系（FOR）分离与结合影响故事类比通达,高级的结构关系（HOR）是实体和初级关系（FOR）影响故事类比通达的必要条件。     

Ist die linguistische Theorie des logischen Apriori obsolet?

The linguistic theory of the logical A Priori: is it obsolete In holistic interpretations, the logical truths are considered as continuous with empirical science: they are revisable, a posteriori, though very near to the centre of our web of belief. In this paper, we consider the merits and demerits of this approach, and we propose that it is necessary to revaluate holistic philosophies of logic. Some arguments are put forward which point in favour of the logical empiricists’ theory of logical truth. We argue (following Hartry Field) that the concept of “correlation between logical facts and logical beliefs” (which is at the heart of the holistic theory) is inconsistent. Finally, we concentrate on the principle of contradiction and argue (following Manley Thompson) that this principle is fundamental for meaning, truth, and thinking. This thesis is derived from considerations on the nature of intentionality. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

辩乎先验经验之际--康德伦理学与儒家道德哲学的一种比较阐释

康德伦理学的精髓可以表述为,由于在直觉中获得了道德本体,所以特别有助于产生最清晰的道德概念;由于借助最纯粹的先验分析把它叙述出来,所以它才成为禽兽与异化的生命无论如何都无法超越的“铁门槛”。与中国的儒家伦理学相比,康德伦理学由于是用文明时代最有力的思想武器,复活了人类在轴心时代最高形态的精神生命,因此,它无疑是人类精神哲学中最高的本体论,对于中国儒家也具有十分重要的批判性启蒙意义。     

Overcoming focusing failures in competitive environments

This paper attacks one of the chief limitations of the field of behavioral decision research—the past inability to use this literature to improve decision making. Building on the work of Thompson, Gentner, Loewenstein and colleagues (Loewenstein, Thompson, & Gentner, 1999; Thompson, Gentner, & Loewenstein, 2000; Gentner & Markman, 1997), the current paper finds that it is possible to reduce bias in one of the most robust problems in the decision literature, the Acquiring a Company Problem (Samuelson & Bazerman, 1985). Past research has shown that individuals make suboptimal offers as a result of the failure to think about the decisions of others and to incorporate a clear understanding of the rules of the game. In the current study, we find that by allowing study participants to see and understand differences in seemingly unrelated decision problems—versions of the Monty Hall Game (Nalebuff, 1987; Friedman, 1998) and Multiparty Ultimatum Game (Messick, Moore, & Bazerman, 1997; Tor & Bazerman, 2003)—study participants can learn to focus more accurately on the decisions of other parties and the rules of the game, the keys to solving the Acquiring a Company Problem. This research offers a new piece of evidence that comparative and analogical processes may be a successful direction for improving decision making. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

孟子论牛羊之别新解

《孟子·梁惠王》所记载的一个故事中的牛与羊的区别 ,可以用结构主义符号学的方法来思考。在这个故事中 ,齐宣王用“以羊易牛”的策略解决了既不能杀牛又不能废衅钟之礼的两难抉择。从结构主义符号学的角度来看 ,这里的牛羊之别 ,是经验中的有生命的动物牛与语言中的无生命的羊概念之间的区别。齐宣王以羊易牛的实质 ,是用一个没有生命的羊概念替换了一头有生命的动物牛。牛羊之别代表了经验和语言的区别 ,这正是中国传统哲学与西方后现代哲学的根本区别。