医学免疫学中的哲学思维

创造性思维与主观能动性推动了现代免疫学理论的建立和发展。免疫器官、免疫细胞、免疫分子的相互联系、相互作用为免疫耐受和免疫应答储备了物质基础;免疫调节过程中活化与抑制的对立统一,免疫、神经、内分泌系统之间整体调节的精细准确为免疫自稳创造了条件。正确地运用哲学思维,有助于揭示掩映在诸多免疫学现象之中的本质内涵。     

Unsymbolized thinking

Unsymbolized thinking—the experience of an explicit, differentiated thought that does not include the experience of words, images, or any other symbols—is a frequently occurring yet little known phenomenon. Unsymbolized thinking is a distinct phenomenon, not merely, for example, an incompletely formed inner speech or a vague image, and is one of the five most common features of inner experience (the other four: inner speech, inner seeing, feelings, and sensory awareness). Despite its high frequency, many people, including many professional students of consciousness, believe that such an experience is impossible. However, because the existence of unsymbolized thinking indicates that much experienced thinking takes place without any experience of words or other symbols, acknowledging the existence of unsymbolized thinking may have substantial theoretical import.     

Personality and mental time travel: a differential approach to autonoetic consciousness

Recent research on autonoetic consciousness indicates that the ability to remember the past and the ability to project oneself into the future are closely related. The purpose of the present study was to confirm this proposition by examining whether the relationship observed between personality and episodic memory could be extended to episodic future thinking and, more generally, to investigate the influence of personality traits on self-information processing in the past and in the future. Results show that Neuroticism and Harm Avoidance predict more negative past memories and future projections. Other personality dimensions exhibit a more limited influence on mental time travel (MTT). Therefore, our study provide an additional evidence to the idea that MTT into the past and into the future rely on a common set of processes by which past experiences are used to envision the future.     

Prospective object search in dogs: mixed evidence for knowledge of <Emphasis Type="Italic">What</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Where</Emphasis>

We investigated whether two dogs that had been specially trained to retrieve objects by their names were able to integrate information about the identity (What) as well as the location (Where) of those objects so that they could plan their search accordingly. In a first study, two sets of objects were placed in two separate rooms and subjects were asked to retrieve the objects, one after the other. Both dogs remembered the identity of the objects as they reliably retrieved the correct objects. One of the dogs was also able to integrate information about the object’s location as he chose the correct location in which the object had been placed. Further investigation of the second dog’s behavior revealed that she followed a more stereotyped search strategy. Despite this variation in performance, this study provides evidence for the memory of What and Where in a domestic dog and shows the prospective use of such information in a search task.     

高二理科生物理问题创造性解决的表象特征研究

物理问题创造性解决是一个发散思维和聚合思维交替运行的过程,而表象对问题的创造性解决具有重要作用。本研究通过自编的物理问题对天津市某中学109名高二理科学生进行物理问题创造性解决测验,探讨高中理科学生物理问题创造性解决中的表象特征。验证了表象与物理问题创造性解决中的发散思维具有显著的正相关,与聚合思维无显著相关。对109名高二理科学生K聚类分析发现：物理问题解决过程中,高创造性和中等程度创造性的学生人数较少,而低创造性的学生人数较多;表象丰富性很高和较高的学生较少,表象丰富性较低的学生较多。     

正念训练的去自动化效应：Stroop和前瞻记忆任务证据

研究显示正念训练对心理认知和健康有改善作用, 但少有研究用认知实验进行检验并探讨心理机制, 本研究将正常成人分为正念(训练)和对照组(等待)、使用Stroop任务和前瞻记忆任务, 进行前、后测考察。结果发现, 两种任务正念组后测反应时均低于前测, 且不一致条件下更显著, 对照组无差异。对前瞻记忆前后进行中任务的差值进行前、后测比较发现, 对照组后测显著小于前测, 正念组差异不显著。结果表明, 正念训练促进了Stroop和前瞻记忆任务的完成, 起到了抗自动化干扰、及阻止随任务熟悉加工更为自动化的作用。     

等值分数概念的理解

等值分数是表示具有相等值的分数,它建立在两个量具有确定比例关系的基础上。研究表明,儿童在接受正式教学之前,就具有了等值分数的非正式知识,但仍然在概念理解上存在很大的困难,主要有两方面的原因:一是受自身运算思维发展水平的制约,未获得乘法思维和守恒观念;二是缺乏对等值分数不同语义的理解。在今后研究中,需进一步探讨从非正式知识到正式概念之间的发展路径,尝试开展等值分数的早期教学实验,并需要结合多种语义背景来考查儿童的概念发展水平。     

动态信息呈现对问题发现的影响研究

在多轮次动态和一次性静态两种呈现方式下,采用出声思维研究20名大学生潜藏与矛盾情境的问题发现特点。研究表明:(1)动态呈现促进被试更全面加工信息,发现问题数量和变通性优于静态呈现,但也阻断信息间的关联,不利于发现跨区问题。(2)动态呈现下,问题均匀分布在每个区域并按轮次先后顺序出现,静态呈现与此相反。(3)被试在新信息呈现后发现的问题分全新、改变方向、改变程度、一致性和联系性五类,潜藏情境中问题与先前信息关联更多。(4)被试对新信息影响做出积极评价。     

Constructive Thought Strategies and Job Satisfaction: A Preliminary Examination

In order to examine the potential of constructive thought strategies for enhancing employee job satisfaction, an existing dispositional model of job satisfaction was expanded and tested. Structural equation modeling techniques indicated significant relationships among constructive thought strategies, dysfunctional thought processes, subjective well-being, and job satisfaction. In addition, two competing models were examined to test for the full or partial mediation of the effects of constructive thought strategies on job satisfaction. The implications of these findings for constructive thought strategy training interventions are discussed, along with directions for future research efforts.     

非雄激素依赖型前列腺癌与肿瘤干细胞——浅析辩证思维之于临床医学的方法论作用

在前列腺癌的治疗中,由于癌细胞的不断“升级”使得治疗屡屡受挫。近来提出的肿瘤干细胞理论认为:肿瘤是一种干细胞疾病,只有消灭了“种子”,才能克服癌症。从自然辩证法的角度,结合肿瘤干细胞理论对前列腺癌的诊疗加以分析,解释非雄激素依赖型前列腺癌的发病机制,以一种新的思维指导临床治疗。