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641.
Paul Coates 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2007,6(4):445-462
This paper defends a dynamic model of the way in which perception is integrated with action, a model I refer to as ‘the navigational
account’. According to this account, employing vision and other forms of distance perception, a creature acquires information
about its surroundings via the senses, information that enables it to select and navigate routes through its environment,
so as to attain objects that satisfy its needs. This form of perceptually guided activity should be distinguished from other
kinds of semi-automatic responses to visual stimuli that do not necessarily involve conscious experiences. It essentially
involves inner states, which involve both the awareness of phenomenal qualities, and also a representational component. The
navigational account is compared here with the enactive approach to perception, which opposes the view that perceptual experiences
are inner states. This paper argues that a full account of perception raises a number of different questions. One central
explanatory project concerns questions about the kinds of processes that currently enable a creature to identify and respond appropriately to distant objects: the answer, it is argued, lies in acknowledging
the role of conscious inner representations in guiding navigational behaviour through complex environments. The fact that
perception and action are interdependent does not conflict with the claim that inner representational states comprise an essential
stage in visual processing.
相似文献
Paul CoatesEmail: |
642.
Through structural equation modeling, this study tested a path of relations in which different levels of empathic responsiveness were posited to be differently associated to bullying and defending behavior. Three hundred and eighteen Italian adolescents (142 girls and 176 boys; mean age = 13.2 years) completed the Davis's Interpersonal Reactivity Index [Davis, 1983] for empathy and the Participant role scales [Salmivalli et al., 1996] for bullying and defending behavior. The results revealed that the model fitted the data adequately, but only in the case of boys. As hypothesized, low levels of empathic responsiveness were associated to students' involvement in bullying others. In contrast, empathy was positively associated with actively helping victimized schoolmates. However, the estimates algorithm did not reach convergence with girls' data. The current findings confirm and extend the literature on the relation between empathy, prosociality and aggressive behavior. Educational implications are also discussed. 相似文献
643.
Laura Stout Sosinsky Heather Lord Edward Zigler 《Journal of applied developmental psychology》2007,28(5-6):390
In secondary analyses of National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development data, multiple indicators of quality (caregiver wages and turnover; child/staff ratio; caregiver education and professionalism; positive caregiving) were compared between child care centers by sector (for-profit/nonprofit) and subsector (for-profit independent/chain, nonprofit church/nonchurch) at multiple points from infancy through prekindergarten. Nonprofit centers evidenced higher caregiver wages and education at most ages and better quality child/staff ratios, turnover, caregiver professionalism, and positive caregiving for toddlers and preschoolers. Subsector differences in preschool classrooms were more complex. In general, quality was higher in nonprofit non-religiously affiliated centers, intermediate in nonprofit religiously affiliated and for-profit independent centers, and lower in for-profit chains, but differences were not found on every indicator or between every group. Further, for-profit chain status predicted lower quality positive caregiving, controlling for family characteristics, staff, and structural quality, at 54 months, but not 36 months. Results support and extend prior research by controlling for family characteristics. Policy implications regarding supply- and demand-side quality-improvement strategies that address market competition and parent choice across subsectors are discussed. 相似文献
644.
645.
Patricia H. Hawley Sarah E. Johnson Jennifer A. Mize Kelly A. McNamara 《Journal of School Psychology》2007,45(5):499-521
Several lines of theory and research suggest that power (e.g., social dominance) and status (e.g., social prominence and positive peer regard) are enjoyed by those blessed with good looks. The present work addresses the relations among physical attractiveness, power, status, and aggression from a resource control theoretic perspective that suggests that group members find power holders physically attractive, even if they are aggressive. Teacher ratings of physical attractiveness, social dominance, peer reception, aggression, and social skills were collected on 153 preschoolers (3-6 years) from a Midwestern city. Positive peer regard was derived via sociometric nominations. Raters unfamiliar with the children assessed their physical attractiveness from photographs. Results show that teachers' perceptions of physical attractiveness are a function of power, status, and social skills. Additionally, teachers rated aggressive children who employ both prosocial and coercive strategies of resource control (bistrategic controllers) to be among the most physically attractive. These relations did not emerge for raters unbiased by children's behavior. Results suggest social dominance achieved via prosocial means begets attractiveness ratings, even if accompanied by high levels of aggression. The implications for intervention are discussed. 相似文献
646.
Pontecorvo C 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2007,41(2):178-186
Drawing on autobiographical recollections, I propose to see collaborative research as a learning experience. I assume a sociocultural
psychological approach to the social understanding and interpretation of different scientific research practices. I examine
the modalities of collaboration in my first experience of managing an important national research project on Italian families’
dinner table conversations, and in a larger collaborative research endeavor concerning the everyday life of middle-class Italian,
Swedish and US families from a comparative view (the Sloan project). On the basis of these experiences, I highlight some of
the difficulties met by two other projects presented in this special issue, the DUNES project (Tartas and Muller Mirza, this
issue) and the Transition project (Markova and Plichtova, this issue). I conclude by suggesting a provisional criterion for
generativity in collaborative research. I suggest that generativity occurs when the more expert and academically oldest ones
become conscious that they are learning something new from the group and from some other, independently from age and experience.
相似文献
Clotilde PontecorvoEmail: |
647.
Ohlsson S 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2007,41(1):28-34
Out of the eight points of methodological criticism against contemporary psychology formulated by Watson (Psychological Bulletin
31:755–776, 1934) and put forward by Toomela in this issue, the overemphasis on prediction, the neglect of individual differences, the habit
of the differences between the mental states of subjects in objective experimental conditions are particularly important.
Modern cognitive psychology has began to remedy those problems, in part by proposing broad, integrative theories. It is not
useful to subdivide psychology into “schools of thought” defined by their methodological practices.
相似文献
Stellan OhlssonEmail: |
648.
The Behavioral Approach System (BAS) and Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) are widely studied components of Gray's sensitivity to reinforcement model. There is growing interest in integrating the BAS and BIS into models of risk for psychopathology, however, few measures assess BAS and BIS functioning in children. We adapted a questionnaire measure and reaction time task from adult studies to assess the BAS and BIS in a sample of 9-12 year olds (N = 63; 42% female). A continuous performance task was also administered to assess physiological correlates of the BAS and BIS. Factor analysis supported 3 subdimensions of the BAS (Drive, Reward Responsivity, and Impulsivity/Fun seeking), and one dimension of the BIS (sensitivity to punishment). Results supported the utility of the questionnaire measures and reaction time task as assessments of BAS and BIS functioning. Moreover, these measures were associated with internalizing and externalizing problem behavior as expected. High levels of impulsivity/fun seeking, but not drive or reward responsivity, were associated with high levels of externalizing problems, whereas high levels of sensitivity to punishment were associated with high levels of internalizing behavior problems. The relation between physiological indices and caregiver reports of the BAS, BIS, and problem behavior were complex and not consistent with expectation. 相似文献
649.
J. Walter 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2013,93(4):257-262
Quasi-two-dimensional palladium nanoparticles with an average lateral dimension of 7 nm have been prepared by reduction of a PdCl2 graphite intercalation compound precursor by lithium-diphenylide in tetrahydrofuran at room temperature. Selected-area electron diffraction patterns provide evidence that the palladium nanoparticles are hcp single-crystal particles. Owing to the template effect of the graphite lattice, the lattice parameter of palladium was found to have a strong relation with the graphite, and a 3a graphite superstructure was inferred. The palladium structure is rotated by 30o with regard to the carbon host lattice. Raman spectroscopy on this sample showed that a charge transfer between carbon and palladium occurs. The sample can be considered as a common Pd-graphite intercalation compound with palladium nanoparticles as guest. This behaviour is different from palladium nanoparticles prepared by hydrogen reduction at higher temperatures from the same precursor material. These particles may represent an early stage of nanoparticle formation. 相似文献
650.
Hartmut Bossel 《World Futures: Journal of General Evolution》2013,69(2-3):143-213
Human systems are interacting with, and dependent on, the global ecosystem. These complex interconnected systems have to obey natural laws and system laws in order to remain viable in the long‐term. “Sustainable development” therefore has to adhere to certain principles and constraints which derive partially from physical conditions, partially from principles of (evolving) ecosystems, partially from principles applying to human systems with conscious actors and normative standards. Although “sustainable development” constrains the spectrum of permissible processes, it does not define a final steady state. The development process must be guided by reference to an ethical principle and to the balanced satisfaction of the basic orientors resulting from a system's interaction with its environment. The systems perspective required encompasses a wide range of scientific disciplines, for which a comprehensive bibliography is provided. 相似文献