帕金森病神经保护治疗的困境与思考

帕金森病(PD)神经保护策略存在的困惑,是迄今还未找到一种药能确切的保护神经元,推迟发病或延缓疾病的进展。因此,有学者提出“多重靶标治疗神经退行性疾病的多功能药物”的设想。同理,中医复方通过多种有效成分对人体有多环节、多层次、多靶点的整合调节作用,可能对PD神经保护治疗有一定的优势。最后,从现代医学在高度分化的基础上呈现高度综合的发展趋势,对PD的神经保护治疗进行哲学思考并提供方法论。     

A reanalysis of the personal/impersonal distinction in moral psychology research

Greene and colleagues [Greene, J., Sommerville, B. R., Nystrom, L. E., Darley, J. M., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment. Science, 293, 2105-2108.] have revealed an apparent distinction in folk psychology between ‘up close and personal’ and ‘impersonal’ moral dilemmas. Reasoning about these types of dilemmas is purportedly supported by partially dissociable neural systems. However, further investigation of the data supporting this hypothesis indicated that only a small number of stimuli used by Greene et al. are driving the effect originally found. Implications of the apparent distinction initially reported and of other research in the domain of moral psychology are discussed.     

西方社会价值取向的研究历程与发展趋势

作为一种相对稳定的人格特质,社会价值取向指个体对于自己和他人结果分配的特定偏好。西方社会价值取向的研究经历了从双维模型到整合模型的发展。这些研究证实了实验室情境以及现实情境下社会价值取向对个体的行为决策和社会认知的影响。人际取向命题的提出是该领域的最新理论进展,情境因素和平等取向在未来研究中将得到更多的关注     

Cooperation and coordination across cultures and contexts: Individual,sociocultural, and contextual factors jointly influence decision making in the volunteer's dilemma game

What factors promote or hinder volunteering within organizations and groups? This paper simultaneously explores the impact of individual, contextual, and sociocultural variables on decision making in a special type of social dilemma: the volunteer's dilemma game (VDG). The VDG provides a controlled experimental method for studying volunteering behaviors in an anonymous interactive environment. We developed six variations of the VDG and administered them to economics students in five different cultures (N_total = 603). Among other things, these VDGs varied whether the potential benefits of volunteering were certain or uncertain. Although the overall level of volunteering did not vary substantially across most cultural groups, we found that culture interacted with the size and (un)certainty of the benefits associated with volunteering, to influence volunteering decisions. We also found that religiosity (but not religious affiliation per se) increases volunteering and that men are less likely to volunteer when the returns to doing so are certain. These results extend our knowledge of behaviors in the VDG, and their potential drivers, with clear implications for understanding how culture, individual characteristics, and context jointly influence prosocial behavior and coordination.     

两难情景下任务结构与价值取向的效用特征转换

实验采用两难对策任务的情景模拟 ,研究决策者在群体决策情景当中的效用特征转换。 6 2名被试参加了实验。研究发现 ,任务结构与个体价值取向都是影响决策效用特征转换的重要因素 ,并且这种效用特征的转换有稳定关系存在 ,以此为基础来设计组织计算机团队工作具有重要意义     

护士道德勇气研究进展

当护士拥有道德勇气时能履行对病人的道德责任等多种作用。本文对国内外护士道德勇气的研究进行梳理,列举了中西方学者对于道德勇气概念的定义,并且从质性和量性研究两方面分析护士道德勇气的研究现况,总结了人口学因素、组织伦理氛围、道德困境、道德敏感性与道德韧性等影响护士道德勇气的相关因素。本文有助于更全面的理解这一护士美德,未来可通过结合中国国情进一步探索并构建干预方案以提高护士的道德勇气,保障患者享受高质量护理。

     

儿童临终关怀社会工作伦理困境、成因及其突破

基于对武汉市Y医院5名医务社会工作者的深度访谈,揭示了我国儿童临终关怀社会工作伦理困境的现实表征,包括专业价值与传统文化间的冲突、患儿主体权与家长主义间的冲突、有限医疗资源与案主需求间的冲突等方面的伦理之争。分析可知上述伦理困境源于复杂实践情境中价值观的多元性、伦理依据的多重性、患儿群体的特殊性。并提出儿童临终关怀社会工作伦理困境的突破之道在于从价值共存、主体意识、政策引领三个方面出发,树立本土伦理实践守则、提升全民理性生命意识、完善服务支持与政策体系,从整体上促进我国儿童临终关怀社会工作事业的发展。

     

Legal realisms: on law and politics

The focus of this work is the issue of whether, and to what extent, the nature of the law is affected by politics, has been taken up by the American and Scandinavian legal realists. By the very fact of their being products of␣the socio-political conditions of the most recent century, the American and Scandinavian legal realisms are the movements that have most explicitly and systematically brought to the surface one particular characteristic phenomenon of contemporary Western legal systems: the existence of two basic forces simultaneously attracting and repelling, affecting the law in its relations with the political world.I would like to deeply thank Brian Bix, Laura Carlson, Roger Cotterrell and Jori Munukka for their many helpful comments on earlier drafts of this article. Any errors remaining are my own.     

基因治疗伦理困境的反思

基因治疗技术作为人类在生命科学领域取得的重大突破,给社会的伦理道德带来了巨大的冲击。通过对这些伦理困境成因的分析和反思,指出有些伦理困境从严格意义上说并不是真正的困境,这些困境会随着基因科技的发展和我们对基因科技的合理应用而解决。     

A Cognitive Model of Dynamic Cooperation With Varied Interdependency Information

We analyze the dynamics of repeated interaction of two players in the Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) under various levels of interdependency information and propose an instance‐based learning cognitive model (IBL‐PD) to explain how cooperation emerges over time. Six hypotheses are tested regarding how a player accounts for an opponent's outcomes: the selfish hypothesis suggests ignoring information about the opponent and utilizing only the player's own outcomes; the extreme fairness hypothesis weighs the player's own and the opponent's outcomes equally; the moderate fairness hypothesis weighs the opponent's outcomes less than the player's own outcomes to various extents; the linear increasing hypothesis increasingly weighs the opponent's outcomes at a constant rate with repeated interactions; the hyperbolic discounting hypothesis increasingly and nonlinearly weighs the opponent's outcomes over time; and the dynamic expectations hypothesis dynamically adjusts the weight a player gives to the opponent's outcomes, according to the gap between the expected and the actual outcomes in each interaction. When players lack explicit feedback about their opponent's choices and outcomes, results are consistent with the selfish hypothesis; however, when this information is made explicit, the best predictions result from the dynamic expectations hypothesis.