Use of derived fact strategies by children with mathematical difficulties

339 children aged 6 and 7 at Oxford primary schools took part in a study of arithmetic. 204 of the children had been selected by their teachers as having mathematical difficulties and the other 135 children were unselected. They were assigned to an Addition Performance Level on the basis of a calculation pretest, and then given Dowker's (1998) test of derived fact strategies in addition, involving strategies based on the Identity, Commutativity, Addend + 1, Addend − 1, and addition/subtraction Inverse principles. The exact arithmetic problems given varied according to the child's previously assessed calculation level and were selected to be just a little too difficult for the child to solve unaided. The technique was used of giving children the answer to a problem and then asking them to solve another problem that could be solved quickly by using this answer, together with the principle under consideration. The children were also given the WISC Arithmetic subtest and the British Abilities Scales Basic Number Skills Subtest. Performance on the standardized arithmetic tests was independently affected by both Addition Performance Level and group membership (unselected children versus those with mathematical difficulties). Derived fact strategy use was affected by Addition Performance Level, but there was no independent effect of group membership.     

Silent dialogues in the analytic relationship

Abstract

In borderline or even narcissistic patients, the relation to the objects is built on the basis of omnipotent control, so that those patients present difficulties related to mourning for the loss, as well as for the independence, of the objects. Their basic trait is a huge inability to recognize the separateness of others, together with an excessive use of primitive defense mechanisms, such as projective identification. Each experience that contains the danger of re-experiencing the primal separation poses an attack on the analytic setting, in order to avoid such a re-experiencing. Those attacks sometimes take the known form of acting out, whereas other times they are limited to a special use of speech, which lacks any communicational faculty and is used rather as a weapon. This special climate affects the analyst, causing specific countertransferential reactions. Nowadays, we tend to consider such a communication not mostly as an obstacle, but rather as an opportunity, allowing the analyst to comprehend the patient, through his countertransference, and create a meaning to replace the void those patients usually experience. The transference and countertransference enactments, their silent dialogues taking place in the analytic setting, are those which progressively give meaning in this primitive non verbal communication.     

西方元伦理学的三个基本问题

元伦理学是 2 0世纪西方伦理学的主脉之一 ,它在现代西方伦理学历史上具有广泛而深刻的影响。在本文中 ,我们试图通过探讨西方元伦理学审视伦理学基本问题、事实与价值的关系问题以及道德实践问题的基本立场来展现现代西方元伦理学的基本理论框架     

临床决策中患者及其家属的地位与作用

医生、医院每天都在为患者做临床决策。而在各个决策中患者与家属应该处于什么地位的问题早有争论。除了疾病外患者性别、年龄、家庭、经济、社会地位的个体差异决定了医生决策的不同。患者要真正参与,就必须真正全面知情。关于患者参与多少的问题要因人而异,可能只是提出意愿,可能提出耗资的底线,可能权衡费效比,可能以生活质量为唯一原则。总之,临床决策中患者及其家属的地位因人而异。     

What Is a Fact? Eva Rosenfeld and Historiography

Historians have disputed excessive speculative claims made on behalf of psychoanalytic interpretations. As psychoanalytic theory evolved, theorists sought to communicate the higher aspects of ego functioning which adapt our inner world to outer realities. Roazen's article discusses the question of what is a fact within the context of the history of analysis. He does this through the examples of Eva Rosenfeld's correspondences which explore the nature of historiography itself.     

Peirce on facts and true propositions

Peirce maintains that facts and propositions are structurally isomorphic. When we understand how Peirce thinks they are isomorphic, we find that a common objection raised against epistemic conceptions of truth – that there are facts beyond the ken of discovery – holds no water against Peirce’s claim that truth is what would be believed after a sufficiently long and rigorous course of inquiry.     

Fact and the Narratives of War: Produced Undecidability in Accounts of Armed Conflict

This paper explores how providing the inferential basis to argue for a range of equally plausible interpretations features as a way of managing issues of accountability in talk about armed confrontation. We examine conversation produced in open-ended interviews with diplomatic representatives of the United States and Great Britain in discussion about those countries' involvement in the Persian Gulf conflict of 1990–91. By providing the inferential basis upon which to argue for a range of equally plausible interpretative scenarios, speakers attend to the potential for any one account to be privileged over another. Further, in speculating upon the relationship between interpretative particulars and the inferential outcome to be drawn for some specific version of events in question, speakers work to establish the parameters of an admissible narrative trajectory with which to account for those events. In so doing, they manage the implications that excluded versions would otherwise make relevant.     

行为事实属性与行为应该属性——孙志海批评之批评

孙志海如果研究过元伦理学,恐怕就不会质疑“行为事实属性”概念。因为元伦理学的根本问题——“应该”、“价值”能否从“是”、“事实”推导出来——显然蕴含着“行为应该如何”与“行为事实如何”概念,蕴含着“行为应该”与“行为事实”概念,蕴含着“行为应该属性”与“行为事实属性”概念。     

A Christmas fairy tale

The paper takes its title from Freud's early paper on the neuroses of defence. Using approaches based on the psychoanalytic study of mythology, the author reviews the emotional and symbolic significance of Santa Claus as embodying forms of meaning at Christmas. Historical data and mythic images are considered, using as a means of interpretation ideas from Freud, Jung, Klein and Winnicott. The suggestion emerges that Santa Claus personifies a restitution of the primal scene that has been destroyed in primal phantasy. Some applications of these ideas are considered in relation to psychoanalytic approaches to work organization.