攻击性儿童与亲社会儿童社会信息加工特点比较及研究展望

攻击性儿童和亲社会儿童的社会信息加工过程(SIP)存在不同：攻击性儿童具有敌意的归因倾向、破坏关系的目标定向和对攻击性反应做积极评价的特点;而亲社会儿童则表现出友善的归因倾向、加强关系的目标定向和对亲社会行为做积极评价的特点。进一步的研究应该注意分离情绪、人格、年龄、性别等因素的效应;扩展SIP模型的研究领域以探讨儿童社会适应与其社会信息加工过程的关系;提高研究的生态效度。     

国内父母教养方式与儿童发展研究

近年来,我国心理与教育研究者探讨了父母教养方式对儿童的认知、社会性情感及各种人格品质的发展的作用以及影响父母教养方式的因素,为儿童教育提供理论支持,并获得了中国文化背景下与西方不同的父母教养方式对儿童发展的特点。     

3～5岁儿童独立性结构的验证性因素分析

独立性包括自我依靠、自我控制和自我主张。编制110个项目的儿童独立性问卷,进行项目筛选,保留47个项目。用47项目问卷,用另一样本验证性因素分析,用最大似然法,Amos修正,保留20个项目。再用另外两个样本验证问卷的合理性。多样本验证性因素分析结果支持了3～5岁儿童独立性包括自我依靠、自我控制和自我主张三维度的理论建构。     

儿童社会退缩行为影响因素的追踪研究

本研究以110名儿童为被试,从2岁追踪到4岁,使用观察法探讨儿童2岁时的气质特征、母亲教养行为、亲子关系对4岁时退缩行为的影响。路径分析结果表明三者对退缩行为都有影响。但是不同退缩行为的影响因素及其路径是不同的。     

学习不良儿童心理健康的特点研究

考察学习不良儿童心理健康（学习、自我、人际关系、社会生活适应）的特点。被试为小学3～5年级83名儿童。结果发现：学习不良儿童与一般儿童的心理健康存在显著差异;学习不良儿童的学习、自我、社会生活适应等方面显著低于一般儿童。在学习各维度上,学习不良儿童与一般儿童的自我满足感、体脑协调性、学习习惯之间存在显著差异;在自我各维度上,学习不良儿童与一般儿童的社会自我、学术自我、自我认同之间存在显著差异;在社会生活适应各维度上,学习不良儿童与一般儿童的亲社会行为、居家能力存在显著差异。     

幼儿箱庭基本特征的初步研究

研究选取了10名幼儿（3～6岁）,对他们的初次箱庭的基本特征进行研究,结果如下：给幼儿介绍箱庭时通常需要他们的父母或朋友在场,利用玩具在引导幼儿熟悉箱庭时发挥重要作用;幼儿箱庭制作时间都比较长;玩具选择以动物类为主;制作过程中频繁移动玩县;空间使用以“占满”类型为主;大多数幼儿制作时都不动沙;作品主题以“无明确主题”为主,有明确主题的主要为“动物世界类”和“家庭生活类”;制作过程中幼儿主动与见证人之间的互动频繁。     

关于身材矮小儿童诊断的思考

儿童期身材矮小是由于多种原因引起的。由于部分身材矮小儿童除矮小外,常无其他明显异常,临床上多不能及时就诊,或虽然因为身材矮小就诊,但由于医生对身材矮小的认识不足,易导致误治或漏诊。因此,提高身材矮小儿童的就诊率,尽快明确病因诊断,合理选择药物,正确选择治疗时机,均给儿科医生的哲学思维提出了很高的要求。因此,作为医生不仅要注意积累自己的专业知识,还要努力提高自己的哲学修养。     

气质特征对学龄前儿童牙科治疗行为的影响

为探索气质特征对学龄前儿童牙科治疗行为的影响,本研究采用《中国学龄前儿童气质量表(CPTS)》测查了218名3~7岁首次接受牙科治疗儿童的气质特征,同时用Frankl Behavior Rating Scale(FBRS)对其牙科治疗行为进行评估。结果显示:适应性、趋避性及心境三个气质维度得分高的儿童出现牙科治疗行为问题几率大,其中适应性与牙科治疗行为问题相关性最大,气质类型为麻烦型、发动缓慢型儿童易出现牙科治疗行为问题,男孩较女孩更容易出现牙科治疗行为问题。本研究结果为临床儿童牙科医生如何应对有牙科治疗行为问题的儿童提供了理论依据,对如何进行牙科行为管理有一定的临床指导价值。     

Providing Practicing Teachers Classroom Management Professional Development in a Brief Self-Study Format

This study examined the impact of a time efficient self-study method for providing practicing teachers with job-embedded professional development targeting specific classroom management skills. The training method employed print packets and videotapes that provided models of effective classroom management strategies for instruction-giving, praise, and time out. Participants were three master’s level speech therapists certified to teach speech and language delayed preschool children. The training materials were evaluated through observations of the teachers’ implementation of targeted practices in a multiple baseline across participants. Results indicated increases in all participants use of the management skills after training. The results suggest that this type of training method may help teachers increase their use of effective classroom management procedures. It is potentially noteworthy that the training program examined herein was largely teacher managed and was quite brief. Future directions and limitations of the study are discussed.Natalie J. Slider is now at Brownsburg Community School Corporation.     

Children's coping with peer rejection: the role of depressive symptoms,social competence,and gender

The present study investigated children's anticipated emotional response and anticipated coping in response to peer rejection, as well as the qualifying effects of gender, depressive symptoms, and perceived social competence. Participants (N = 234), ranging in age between 10 and 13 years, were presented with two written vignettes depicting peer rejection. The most highly endorsed coping strategies were behavioural distraction, problem‐focused behaviour, and positive reappraisal. Results indicate that children higher in depressive symptoms reported a more negative anticipated mood impact. Moreover, children higher in depressive symptoms were less inclined to endorse behavioural and cognitive coping strategies typically associated with mood improvement (e.g., behavioural distraction, positive reappraisal). Independent of depression, children scoring higher on perceived social competence reported more active, problem‐oriented coping behaviour in response to the stressors. Types of coping were largely unaffected by gender, however girls reported higher levels of anticipated sadness than boys in response to the rejection vignettes. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.