儿童资源获取行为对学校适应的影响——一个历时5年的跨文化追踪

以160名中国儿童和133名加拿大儿童为被试,采用实验室观察和问卷调查,考察儿童7岁时的资源获取行为对其11岁时学校适应的影响。结果表明：（1）轮流规则行为对儿童的学校适应具有消极的预测作用,且存在性别差异：男孩的轮流规则行为可以显著正向预测其焦虑,女孩的轮流规则行为可以显著负向预测其学校态度;（2）请求行为可以显著正向预测中国儿童攻击行为,加拿大儿童则没有发现该关系;（3）对于资源获取失败次数少的儿童,求助成人行为有积极的适应意义;（4）儿童资源获取行为的结果在儿童7岁时资源获取行为与11岁时学校适应之间发挥调节作用;对于资源获取成功次数少的儿童,请求行为可以显著地正向预测其攻击行为;对于资源获取失败次数少的儿童,请求行为则显著地负向预测其攻击行为,求助成人行为可以显著地负向预测其孤独感。     

家庭社会经济地位对流动儿童认知能力的影响:父母教养方式的中介作用

以北京市某小学三、四年级的133名流动儿童和129名非流动儿童为被试,采用问卷和行为实验的方法,探讨家庭社会经济地位对流动儿童认知能力的影响,以及父母教养方式在其中的中介作用。结果发现：（1）流动儿童的工作记忆、元认知能力显著低于非流动儿童,家庭社会经济地位较非流动儿童更低,父母教养方式更消极;（2）流动儿童家庭社会经济地位与元认知显著正相关,父母教养方式中多个维度与元认知显著相关,而只有母亲过度干涉与保护与注意力显著负相关;（3）在流动儿童中,父亲情感温暖与理解部分中介家庭社会经济地位对儿童元认知的影响,效应量为30%。     

歧视知觉与流动儿童社会疏离感的关系:一个有调节的中介模型

采用问卷法对1101名流动儿童进行调查研究,考察歧视知觉对流动儿童社会疏离感的影响,同时考察认同整合在其中的中介作用,以及该过程是否受到社会支持的调节。结果表明：（1）在控制了性别、学校性质、转学次数之后,歧视知觉对流动儿童社会疏离感具有正向预测作用;（2）认同整合在流动儿童歧视知觉和社会疏离感关系中起到部分中介作用;（3）认同整合的中介作用受到社会支持的正向调节,相对于社会支持水平低的流动儿童,中介作用对社会支持水平高的流动儿童更显著。因此,歧视知觉对流动儿童社会疏离感的影响是有调节的中介效应。这些结果对于综合解释城市适应过程中环境与个体因素对流动儿童社会疏离感的作用路径与机制具有重要意义。     

Development of a coping with stress scale for a non-western population of children and adolescents

Background and objectives: In the related literature numerous instruments have been developed to measure children and adolescents’ coping with stress. Considering the cultural differences in individuals’ choice for coping strategies, along with the limitations of the existing measures of coping for children and adolescents (e.g., being derived from coping measures developed for adults; unrepresentative samples with limited age range, etc.), the current study aimed to construct a self-report coping scale for a non-western population of children and adolescents.

Design and methods: The study design included both qualitative and quantitative methodology. Three consecutive studies were conducted for the development and validation of the Children and Adolescents’ Coping with Stress Scale (CACSS), a self-report measure assessing coping strategies of children and adolescents aged from 9 to 18 in response to self-identified stressors.

Results: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses resulted in a 61-item CACSS with 10 factors. The scale appears to have a clear factor structure; sufficient temporal stability; and good convergent, discriminant, and construct validity.

Conclusions: By addressing limitations of existing coping scales, CACSS is believed to contribute to the literature as a developmentally appropriate and multidimensional tool.     

潜在冲突情境下7岁儿童的资源获得行为

采用实验室观察, 对7岁儿童(中国160人, 加拿大133人)在潜在冲突情境下的资源获得行为进行考察, 旨在比较中西文化背景下, 儿童资源获得行为上的差异及其背后的文化意义。结果表明：中国儿童的求助成人和给予行为显著多于加拿大儿童; 加拿大儿童的资源获得失败和为自己获得资源的频率显著高于中国儿童。果敢行为和轮流规则都是有效的资源获得方式; 请求行为则是无效的。求助成人是中国男孩获得资源的一种有效方式; 对加拿大儿童来说, 则是无效的。     

自读、伴读和指读对2~3岁幼儿图画书阅读中文字注视的影响

幼儿对文字的关注是内化文字形式和功能（文字意识）的基本途径,如何有效提高年幼儿童对文字的关注是一个具有重要实践意义的课题。本研究以54名2~3岁幼儿为研究对象,记录和分析幼儿在自读、伴读和指读三种方式下阅读图画书的眼动行为。结果发现：1）自读和伴读方式下,2~3岁幼儿对文字和图画的关注具有相同的眼动模式,并且对文字的关注程度均较低;2）指读可显著提高幼儿对文字的关注频率,同时对文字注视时间、次数以及关注速度均表现出一定的促进作用;3）对图画的整体分析显示,指读与伴读/自读方式之间的眼动模式差异不显著;而进一步对图画的局部分析表明：指读不影响幼儿图画关注的全面性和有效性。综上所述,指读在一定程度上能够促进年幼儿童对文字的关注,同时动态手势也不抢占儿童阅读图画的注意资源。     

不同任务情境中5~6岁儿童卡通面孔加工的眼动研究

以卡通面孔图片为刺激材料,赋予5~6岁儿童三种不同的加工任务,包括卡通面孔识别、分类和吸引力评价,旨在比较其在不同任务情境中的眼动差异。结果表明:(1)任务情境会影响儿童对卡通面孔的加工。在不同的面孔加工任务中,儿童的反应时、正确率、注视时间和次数等存在差异;(2)随着三种任务难度的逐渐加大,儿童的加工程度也相应地加深;(3)儿童在三种任务中的加工方式一致,对面部不同部位的关注程度不同:加工初期特别关注鼻子,而后眼睛部位耗费最多的注意资源,其次是鼻子、嘴巴、前额和脸颊,极少关注下巴;(4)男女童在卡通面孔分类任务中表现出较显著的性别差异,女童具有速度方面的优势,而男童对于关键信息的搜索则更为积极主动。     

The destiny of an unacknowledged trauma: the deferred retroactive effect of après-coup in the hidden Jewish children of wartime Belgium

For almost 45 years, the experience of Jewish children who were hidden during World War II was considered to be of little importance, particularly with respect to what had taken place in the concentration camps. Their very history was ignored in the many accounts of the Holocaust. It was only at the end of the 1980s that their experience began to be thought of as potentially traumatic. In this paper, the authors report on their psychoanalytical research project concerning the psychological outcomes of those experiences that had remained concealed for such an extraordinarily long latency period. The results are based on the analysis of 60 accounts and on psychoanalytically-oriented group work. The authors show that the trauma experienced by those hidden children was triggered by the retroactive effect of a deferred action [après-coup].     

The effects of prosodic features and wordlikeness on nonword repetition performance among young Japanese children1

This study investigated how prosodic aspects and wordlikeness of nonwords affect young Japanese children's repetition of nonwords. We contrasted two conditions in which a nonword comprised of two morae was pronounced with and without a small pause between the two morae. We also manipulated accent patterns of presentation of nonwords. The results indicated that the presence of a small pause in a nonword had a facilitating effect on the repetition of nonwords. The advantage of high‐wordlike sequences over low‐wordlike sequences was observed only when the sequence was presented without a pause. In contrast, the effect of accent patterns of presentation interacted with vocabulary sizes of children. These results were interpreted in terms of the framework of phonological working memory and the segmentation of the spoken Japanese language.     

Using differential reinforcement of low rates to reduce children's requests for teacher attention

We evaluated the effectiveness of full-session differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior (DRL) on 3 primary school children's rates of requesting attention from their teacher. Using baseline rates of responding and teacher recommendations, we set a DRL schedule that was substantially lower than baseline yet still allowed the children access to teacher assistance. The DRL schedule was effective in reducing children's requests for assistance and approval, and the teacher found the intervention highly useful and acceptable. The possible mechanisms that account for behavior change using full-session DRL schedules are discussed.