不确定感管理模型视角下的死亡凸显效应:争论与整合

死亡凸显效应(mortality salience effect)是恐惧管理理论(terror management theory,TMT)中一个最重要的假设,它认为与死亡有关的想法会加强个体的世界观防御。不确定感管理模型(uncertainty management model)对死亡凸显效应做出了新的解释,指出以往的研究忽视了个体的不确定感对防御行为的影响。将这种理论和TMT进行了整合与探讨,可以认为死亡凸显对个体具有双重影响,个体在思考自己的死亡后会启动双重防御体系。未来的研究,应该关注各种防御方式互相影响的关系等。     

癌症早期筛查与过度诊断

在癌症早期筛查工作中,由于肿瘤侵袭性、发病率及死亡率的不同,导致了过度诊断的发生。对目前常见癌种的早期筛查中过度诊断的现状及影响因素进行总结。结合最新研究进展,重点对肿瘤的生物学行为、分子生物学及细胞学特征对过度诊断的影响进行分析,探讨其中可能存在的分子生物学机制,并分析组学研究如基因组学、蛋白质组学等在早期筛查中可能起到的作用,从而提出避免癌症过度诊断的发生的方法,提高早期筛查的有效率。     

Countertransference,enactment and sexual abuse

This paper examines the development of a therapeutic relationship with a sexually abused latency girl who, in the course of her two years of four times weekly psychotherapy, was placed in two different foster-homes. It is argued that the child's re-enactment of the abuse in the consulting room allowed her to move from a seductive relationship with the therapist to one characterized by basic trust. This was paralleled by her development of a capacity to think and to tolerate affect states. The use of an imaginary twin by the child and the use of powerful countertransference feelings in the therapist are seen as the main therapeutic tools in the treatment. The premature termination of the treatment – due to the therapist's departure – enabled the child to articulate for the first time her feelings, in the transference, about the trauma and the traumatizing agent. The child's progressing moves in the therapy are also presented.     

Problems of Measuring Character and Personality

The present study examined whether expressed acceptance of a person with AIDS reflects genuine acceptance or a desire to appear to be accepting. Theory and research on the effects of mortality salience on acceptance of stigmatized people provided the framework for investigating this question. After writing about death or another aversive topic, participants indicated their acceptance of a target with AIDS while connected to physiological equipment that they believed could detect lies (bogus pipeline) or was simply measuring physiological responses to participation in the study. As predicted, participants in the mortality salience/bogus pipeline condition indicated significantly less acceptance of the target with AIDS than participants in the other three conditions, suggesting that acceptance of a person with AIDS is at least partially a result of wanting to appear to be accepting, without necessarily genuinely accepting someone with AIDS.     

Premature termination as a function of intake data based on ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic status, and income

Although it is acknowledged that premature termination is detrimental to the therapy process, there is limited information on how to utilize client demographic data to indicate which clients have greatest potential to prematurely terminate. The study assessed how client ethnicity interacts with client gender, therapist gender, therapist ethnicity, and client socioeconomic status (education and income) to affect premature termination. The study consisted of 527 cases which received therapy services from the Auburn University Marriage and Family Therapy Center from October 1993 to October 1999. The three definitions of premature termination used were termination after one session, prior to six sessions, and by therapist report. Results indicated that interactions of client income and ethnicity and therapist gender and ethnicity were the most useful demographic data indicators of premature termination.     

2009年全球甲型H1N1流感流行病学特征分析

截至8月30日,全球5大洲177个国家或地区共报告甲型H1N1流感确诊病例254206例,死亡2837人,病死率1．12％。病例以青壮年为主,无性别差别,年龄中位数12岁～17岁（范围0岁～85岁）,约10％需住院治疗,37％的住院病例和80％的死亡病例有基础性疾病史或妊娠。全球甲型H1N1流感总体较温和,适时将其纳入季节性流感常规监测,掌握其流行病学和病原学变化,研制安全有效的疫苗;提高医务人员重症病例救治能力均能有效地预防控制甲型H1N1流感。     

将糖化血红蛋白控制在7．0％以下是否更安全

2008年一项针对2型糖尿痛强化血糖控制对心血管病变研究（ACCORD）发现,对于病程在10年左右,30％存在心血管疾病的2型糖尿病人群,利用现有手段努力实现血糖“正常化”,即糖化血红蛋白（A1C）〈6．0％并没有减少糖尿病全因死亡。人们开始重新思考对2型糖尿病是否还需要强调强化血糖控制、血糖控制的目标多少为宜。中华医学会糖尿病学分会也在今年重新修订了其《中国2型糖尿病防治指南》的A1C控制目标,A1C目标由原来的6．5％提高到7．0％。那么这一改变对2型糖尿病患者来讲到底有多大意义呢？ACCORD强化降糖治疗终止后的随访研究发现强化组患者在血糖控制目标与标准治疗组相似的情况下,全因死亡率并没有随之减少。因此,需要重新检视2型糖尿病防治策略。     

Embracing Humanity in the Face of Death: Why Do Existential Concerns Moderate Ingroup Humanization?

People humanize their ingroup to address existential concerns about their mortality, but the reasons why they do so remain ambiguous. One explanation is that people humanize their ingroup to bolster their social identity in the face of their mortality. Alternatively, people might be motivated to see their ingroup as more uniquely human (UH) to distance themselves from their corporeal “animal” nature. These explanations were tested in Australia, where social identity is tied less to UH and more to human nature (HN) which does not distinguish humans from animals. Australians attributed more HN traits to the ingroup when mortality was salient, while the attribution of UH traits remained unchanged. This indicates that the mortality-buffering function of ingroup humanization lies in reinforcing the humanness of our social identity, rather than just distancing ourselves from our animal nature. Implications for (de)humanization in intergroup relations are discussed.