Sexual risk behaviour among HIV-infected women in the first twelve months after delivery in South Africa

This study aimed to assess sexual risk behaviour and its social correlates in HIV-infected women living in rural South Africa at six and twelve months post-partum. Participants were 699 HIV-positive women recruited prenatally by systematic sampling from twelve community health centres in Mpumalanga province, South Africa (mean age = 28.4 years, SD = 5.7; married =41.1%; serodiscordant or unknown partner status = 74.9%). They self-reported on their sexual activity six to twelve months after delivery; including use of condoms and partner involvement. Generalised linear mixed models were utilised to estimate unsafe sex outcomes from a prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) intervention, socio-demographic factors, disclosure, and male involvement. About 20% of sexually active women in the past week had used condoms inconsistently at six and twelve months after delivery. Moreover, 16% and 18% of the women had not used a condom at last sex and 11% and 13% had unprotected sex with HIV-uninfected or unknown-status partners following delivery at six and twelve months, respectively. Higher inconsistent condom use was likely with lower male involvement. Promotion of condom use post-partum, as well as male involvement in sexual decisions, are important for safer sex post-partum by seropositive women.     

发挥中药在肿瘤症状处理中的作用——兼谈结直肠癌的中医“病证结合辨治”

改善症状是中医治疗晚期恶性肿瘤的优势,但简单的对症治疗显然体现不了中医的特色;辨证论治虽然是中医治疗的核心,但在对癌病本质的把握上缺乏理论和实践的支撑;单一的辨病论治强调以毒攻毒,却不能改善症状及预后。本文作者以对结直肠癌的治疗为例,认为抓主症,将病证与辨治相结合,有望较好地解决“症”“证”“病”三者的关系,在改善症状...     

围手术期抗菌药物合理使用与药品费用的相关性分析

通过对本地一所三级甲等医院进行的围手术期抗菌药物的干预对照研究,用SPSS软件对470个手术病例的调查资料进行了统计分析,加强抗菌药物的用药管理及进行用药干预,能在对住院时间和手术切口感染率无影响的同时,明显降低手术病例的药品费用,特别是抗茵药品的费用,减轻患者负担。     

青壮年肝癌患者围手术期心理特征与人文关怀

青壮年患者因其在家庭、社会生活中的重要角色,其在治疗阶段情绪波动较大,而围手术期患者紧张、悲观、焦虑和恐惧等心理反应会对其生理功能产生巨大的不良影响,限制了对患者诊疗过程中配合,尤其是对围手术期影响明显。为了降低围手术期患者心理应激产生的不良影响,同时适应生理一心理一社会医学模式的转变,管床医生在围手术期必须对手术患者...     

先秦国家安全思想及其当代借鉴价值

在中国历史上,关于国家安全问题的战略性思考起源于先秦时期,许多重要的指导思想和原则,如以民为本、和而不同、慎战、亲仁善邻等思想已在那时得到了明晰。这些宝贵的思想具有久远而深厚的文化基础。他们不仅为历朝历代安内攘外,维系中国作为世界上唯一不曾中断几千年文明进程的国家发挥了重要的历史作用。而且对于我们今天研究安全问题、制定国家安全战略提供了可资借鉴的价值。     

A study of retrieval processes in action memory for school-aged children: the impact of recall period and difficulty on action memory

ABSTRACT

Research in action memory for adults has shown that enacted encoding is not only retrieved more frequently but is also faster in comparison to verbal encoding. The aim of this study was to investigate retrieval processes in terms of recall period and recall difficulty for different encoding conditions in school-aged children (8-, 10-, 12-, 14-years old). The participants studied verbal tasks, subject-performed tasks and experimenter-performed tasks, and received immediate and final free-recall tests. The results revealed that older children not only outperformed younger children in terms of accuracy but also outpaced them in all recall periods. Moreover, recalls of subject-performed tasks and experimenter-performed tasks were better and faster compared with verbal encoding on both types of recall test, by increasing throughout the recall periods. These results are discussed in terms of memory strategies and information processing methods. Pedagogic implications for the use of action memory in children's learning are also considered.     

Safe periods both explain and need explaining.

Dinsmoor's (2001) stress on the response‐produced safe period as a reinforcer for avoidance behavior is a positive contribution, even though several questions about such safe periods remain to be answered.     

Recognition of pictorial representations by chimpanzees (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pan troglodytes</Emphasis>)

In this study, I investigated chimpanzees' ability to recognize pictorial representations. Four adults and three juvenile chimpanzees were trained to choose images of photographs of flowers among 12 items belonging to four categories on a touch-sensitive monitor. As a generalization test, the following five types of images were presented: (1) novel photographs, (2) colored sketches (more realistic), (3) a colored clip art (cartoon-like images), (4) black-and-white line drawings, and (5) Kanji characters (as the control images). One adult and all three juvenile chimpanzees were able to choose any style of the nonphotographic images of flowers significantly above the chance level, whereas none could choose the correct Kanji characters corresponding to a flower significantly above the chance level. The other three adult chimpanzees' performance level did not exceed the chance level in terms of choosing nonphotographic images although they showed good transfer skills to novel photographs. The results revealed that not all chimpanzees could recognize pictures used by humans without training. The results also suggest "critical period" in acquisition of skill in recognizing pictures in chimpanzees. Only one adult chimpanzee, who had acquired skill in recognizing visual symbols, also recognized pictures aside from the juvenile chimpanzees. Her learning history might have aided her in acquiring this skill. The results of this study suggest a relationship between pictorial competence and symbolic one.     

Unity in Christ or Pan-Europeanism? Nathan Söderblom and the ecumenical peace movement in the interwar period

In the summer of 2014 the Swedish Church is celebrating the 100th anniversary of the appointment of Nathan Söderblom as archbishop of Uppsala, and thus head of the Swedish church organisation. As a Lutheran with an enormously broad-minded and broad-reaching approach to ecumenical understanding and community-building, Söderblom shot to prominence in the interwar period not only because of his ecumenical engagement, calling for an evangelical catholicity so stand side by side with the Roman catholic and Orthodox catholic traditions, but also because of his comprehensive secular engagement for peace and understanding between peoples. In the latter context he also acquired a solid reputation as a perhaps less prominent but still noteworthy figure in the history of European integration. This article investigates how, why and to what extent Söderblom’s ecumenical and secular engagements were intertwined. The first part discusses how his biographical and academic background led to such staunch ecumenical positions, while the second part focuses on the secular engagement, which was perceived by Söderblom as necessary to make progress on the ecumenical front in the practical political realities of the 1920s. The final part, comparing and contrasting Söderblom’s views with those of Count Richard von Coudenhove-Calergi and the Pan-European Union, demonstrates why Söderblom’s engagement for Europe had to be limited: unity in Christ is by definition global in nature and therefore cannot be continent-specific.     

右美托咪定对鼻内镜手术患者血流动力学及苏醒期的影响

探讨鼻内镜手术时应用右美托咪定对其血流动力学及苏醒期的影响。选择100例行鼻内镜的择期手术患者,随机分为两组,右美托咪定组（D组）,持续泵入右美托咪定0.4μg·kg-1·h-1从麻醉诱导开始到拔管结束;对照组（C组）,持续泵入相同剂量的生理盐水。诱导药物均为依托咪酯0.3mg/kg,舒芬太尼0.4μg/kg,罗库溴铵0.6mg/kg,术中以丙泊酚6mg·kg-1·h-1、瑞芬太尼0.1μg·kg-1·min-1维持。观察并记录诱导前5min,手术开始后10min及30min,手术结束时,拔管时及拔管后2min的MAP及HR;记录术野质量和术中出血量、手术时间和拔管时间、拔管时躁动的发生率、呛咳评分、拔管后患者的Ramsay镇静评分。结果 D组在拔管时及拔管后2min血压和心率与C组相比降低（P〈0.05）;D组的术野质量优于C组（P〈0.05）,术中出血量D组少于C组（P〈0.05）;两组的手术时间和拔管时间差异无统计学意义;拔管时躁动的发生率及呛咳评分D组低于C组（P〈0.05）;D组拔管后患者的Ramsay镇静评分高于C组（P〈0.05）。术中应用右美托咪定,可使鼻内镜手术患者术中血流动力学更稳定,苏醒期更为平稳。