不同熟练双语儿童注意定向中的抑制控制

研究目的：探讨不同熟练双语儿童“注意定向”成分中抑制控制的差异,及这一差异是否依赖于双语儿童第二语言的熟练程度。方法：采用IOR范式的行为实验。被试为平衡、未平衡双语儿童和单语儿童。结果：SOA600ms时,三组被试均出现了IOR,平衡双语儿童与单语儿童的IOR效应量差异显著,其余被试间差异均不显著。结论：（1）双语学习促进了平衡双语儿童抑制控制能力的发展。（2）双语学习对抑制控制能力的促进作用依赖于双语儿童第二语言的熟练程度。     

冲突、平衡与促进:工作-家庭关系研究的历史考察

工作-家庭关系的探索是现代人力资源管理研究的重要主题之一,从工作一家庭冲突到工作-家庭平衡.再到工作一家庭促进,工作-家庭关系的研究经历了从消极到积极的历史嬗变过程.文章从发展的视角,对上述历史嬗变过程进行了审视,总结了已有研究取得的丰富成果,同时指出了未来的研究方向.     

生命史理论概述及其与社会心理学的结合——以道德行为为例

生命史理论作为进化心理学的代表性理论之一, 同时关注了环境因素和个体经验, 是社会心理与个人心理的有机结合, 但是该理论目前在社会心理学领域得到的关注还相当有限。因此该理论具体的建立、发展过程, 主要理论观点, 以及主要测量方法、测量工具都需要进行详细的梳理和介绍, 以便于研究者对其有较为全面的理解。此外, 结合社会心理学的重要研究主题--道德行为, 可以发现不同生命史策略在个体的亲社会行为、不道德／暴力犯罪行为上可能有不同的表现, 并且控制感、安全感和调节定向理论都会是其可能的影响机制。因此在未来的研究中, 应该将生命史理论在社会心理学领域进行更广泛的应用, 为社会心理学研究者提供一个分析道德行为的新视角。     

Work and Family Balance Among Dual-Earner Working-Class Mexican-Americans: Implications for Therapists

The ability to balance work and family demands can affect marital satisfaction, family cohesion, and job satisfaction. While most research in this area has utilized middle-class Anglo-American samples, the present investigation examined dual-earner, working-class Mexican- Americans. Positive relationships were found between work-family balance and satisfaction with marriage, family life and jobs with gender and acculturation showing moderating effects on some variables. Family therapists should be cognizant of the impact of work- family demands on marriage and family functioning even when working class minority families do not offer these issues as presenting problems.     

Why might language and motor impairments occur together?

A step‐wise methodology is employed in order to identify common neurological factors underlying motor and language impairments where they occur together. A sample of 15 5–10‐year‐old children with predetermined language impairment was tested comprehensively using the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Ability (ITPA) and the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (Movement ABC). On the basis of these tests, only four of the sample were found to have generally poor performance both in psycholinguistic (particularly indexed by problems with visual closure and sound blending) and motor abilities (particularly indexed by manual dexterity problems—bimanual co‐ordination and drawing—and static balance. Further detailed examination of the findings fostered a number of plausible hypotheses to account for this communality. The viability of these different alternatives is discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Who is approachable?

The consequences of social interaction can be variable, sometimes harmful, but often rewarding. The adaptive social perceiver must therefore determine which interactions are worthwhile pursuing and which are not. The present research investigated whether subtle but meaningful differences in facial expressions are perceived in terms of the affordance of approachability. Participants engaged in simulated social encounters with targets displaying enjoyment smiles, non-enjoyment smiles or neutral expressions while fluctuations in their posture were measured. The results indicated systematic differences in perceived approachability as a function of facial expression and target sex. These findings are discussed in terms of the functional coupling between social perception and action with respect to the information that specifies the affordance of approachability.     

Effects of joint immobilization on standing balance

We investigated the effect of joint immobilization on the postural sway during quiet standing. We hypothesized that the center of pressure (COP), rambling, and trembling trajectories would be affected by joint immobilization. Ten young adults stood on a force plate during 60 s without and with immobilized joints (only knees constrained, CK; knees and hips, CH; and knees, hips, and trunk, CT), with their eyes open (OE) or closed (CE). The root mean square deviation (RMS, the standard deviation from the mean) and mean speed of COP, rambling, and trembling trajectories in the anterior–posterior and medial–lateral directions were analyzed. Similar effects of vision were observed for both directions: larger amplitudes for all variables were observed in the CE condition. In the anterior–posterior direction, postural sway increased only when the knees, hips, and trunk were immobilized. For the medial–lateral direction, the RMS and the mean speed of the COP, rambling, and trembling displacements decreased after immobilization of knees and hips and knees, hips, and trunk. These findings indicate that the single inverted pendulum model is unable to completely explain the processes involved in the control of the quiet upright stance in the anterior–posterior and medial–lateral directions.     

Postural stabilization for the control of touching

We attempted to distinguish between task-related (supra-postural) and perceptual influences on postural motions. Two groups of participants had to make very light tactile contact with an adjacent pliable surface while standing with their eyes closed. In the absence of vision, such light touching with a finger is known to reduce sway. For one group, tactile contact with the surface was merely the result of extending the right forearm. For the other group, variability in the point of tactile contact had to be kept to a minimum. Touching reduced postural sway relative to non-touching only for participants in the latter group. The present results, in combination with others addressing similar task differences, question the assumption that information detected haptically and/or visually is used solely to reduce postural fluctuations. It seems that postural fluctuations are modulated to facilitate performance of tasks over and above the task of standing upright and still.     

Pacing strategy in trail running: A cognitive subtractive model of the affective balance between effort and pleasure?

The objective of the present study was to undercover the cognitive rules developed by athletes in pacing strategy during a trail running competition. Fifty participants completed a questionnaire on how decisions were made around pacing. Each questionnaire consisted of 12 scenarios that featured the two components of affective balance (effort and pleasure) as information cues. We applied repeated-measures analyses of variance and Tukey’s post hoc tests to the data. The results showed that pleasure and effort had a significant effect on deciding to reduce the pace and deciding to maintain the pace. The type of cognitive rule depended on the pacing outcome, with a subtractive integration rule when deciding to maintain the pace and a conjunction integration rule when deciding to reduce the pace. The presence of two different cognitive rules emphasized the importance of information integration in pacing strategy.     

The role of motion platform on postural instability and head vibration exposure at driving simulators

This paper explains the effect of a motion platform for driving simulators on postural instability and head vibration exposure. The sensed head level-vehicle (visual cues) level longitudinal and lateral accelerations (a_x,sensed = a_{x_head} and a_y,sensed = a_{y_head}, a_yv = a_{y_veh} and a_yv = a_{y_veh}) were saved by using a motion tracking sensor and a simulation software respectively. Then, associated vibration dose values (VDVs) were computed at head level during the driving sessions. Furthermore, the postural instabilities of the participants were measured as longitudinal and lateral subject body centre of pressure (X_CP and Y_CP, respectively) displacements just after each driving session via a balance platform. The results revealed that the optic-head inertial level longitudinal accelerations indicated a negative non-significant correlation (r = −.203, p = .154 > .05) for the static case, whereas the optic-head inertial longitudinal accelerations depicted a so small negative non-significant correlation (r = −.066, p = .643 > .05) that can be negligible for the dynamic condition. The X_CP for the dynamic case indicated a significant higher value than the static situation (t(47), p < .0001). The VDV_x for the dynamic case yielded a significant higher value than the static situation (U(47), p < .0001). The optic-head inertial lateral accelerations resulted a negative significant correlation (r = −.376, p = .007 < .05) for the static platform, whereas the optic-head inertial lateral accelerations showed a positive significant correlation (r = .418, p = .002 < .05) at dynamic platform condition. The VDV_y for the static case indicated a significant higher value rather than the dynamic situation (U(47), p < .0001). The Y_CP for the static case yielded significantly higher than the dynamic situation (t(47), p = .001 < 0.05).