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141.
Massetti GM Lahey BB Pelham WE Loney J Ehrhardt A Lee SS Kipp H 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(3):399-410
The predictive validity of symptom criteria for different subtypes of ADHD among children who were impaired in at least one
setting in early childhood was examined. Academic achievement was assessed seven times over 8 years in 125 children who met
symptom criteria for ADHD at 4–6 years of age and in 130 demographically-matched non-referred comparison children. When intelligence
and other confounds were controlled, children who met modified criteria for the predominantly inattentive subtype of ADHD
in wave 1 had lower reading, spelling, and mathematics scores over time than both comparison children and children who met
modified criteria for the other subtypes of ADHD. In some analyses, children who met modified criteria for the combined type
had somewhat lower mathematics scores than comparison children. The robust academic deficits relative to intelligence in the
inattentive group in this age range suggest either that inattention results in academic underachievement or that some children
in the inattentive group have learning disabilities that cause secondary symptoms of inattention. Unexpectedly, wave 1 internalizing
(anxiety and depression) symptoms independently predicted deficits in academic achievement controlling ADHD, intelligence,
and other predictors. 相似文献
142.
Meites TM Deveney CM Steele KT Holmes AJ Pizzagalli DA 《Behaviour research and therapy》2008,46(9):1078-1084
Cognitive theories of depression posit that automatically activated cognitive schemas, including negative thoughts about the self and the future, predispose individuals to develop depressive disorders. However, prior research has largely examined these constructs using explicit tests in currently depressed individuals. Using the Implicit Association Test (IAT), the present study examined automatic associations between the self and mood state ("depression IAT") and between the future and mood state ("hopelessness IAT") before and after a negative mood induction in 19 remitted depressed individuals and 23 healthy controls. In the depression IAT, remitted depressed participants exhibited an overall lower tendency to associate themselves with happiness relative to the healthy controls before the mood induction. Control, but not remitted depressed, participants' automatic associations between the self and happiness diminished following the mood induction. Contrary to our hypotheses, no significant findings emerged when considering the hopelessness IAT. Consistent with prior studies, no significant correlations emerged between implicit and explicit biases, suggesting that these measures probe different processes. Results extend prior IAT research by documenting the presence of a reduced tendency to associate the self with happiness in a sample at increased risk for depression. 相似文献
143.
Prospective and positive mental imagery deficits in dysphoria 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We know less about positive mental imagery than we do about negative mental imagery in depression. This study examined the relationship between depressed mood and the subjective experience of emotion in imagined events; specifically, prospective imagery, and imagery in response to emotionally ambiguous stimuli. One hundred and twenty-six undergraduates completed measures of depression, imagery vividness for future events, and a homograph interpretation task in which they generated images and subsequently rated image pleasantness and vividness. As predicted, compared to low dysphoria, high dysphoria was associated with poorer ability to vividly imagine positive (but not negative) future events. These findings were augmented by the observation that high dysphorics provided lower pleasantness ratings of images generated in response to homographs they interpreted as positive. We suggest that an imbalance in the inability to vividly imagine positive but not negative future events may curtail the ability of high dysphorics to be optimistic. High dysphoric individuals are further disadvantaged: even when they interpret ambiguity positively, the resulting images they generate are associated with less positive affect. Therapeutic strategies that address both such positive-specific imagery biases hold promise for depression treatment innovation. 相似文献
144.
The purpose of the current study was to examine the link between negative-feedback seeking (NFS) and depression using a behavioural task that addressed many of the limitations of existing measures of NFS, to use a remitted-depressive design to determine whether NFS is a temporary or stable feature of depression, and to examine the role of personality and contextual variables (e.g., marital quality, spousal characteristics) in NFS. Using a sample of 59 couples (12 wife currently depressed, 20 wife remitted-depressed, and 27 wife never-depressed), we designed a task that correlated with an established measure of NFS and was able to distinguish between non-depressed and currently depressed wives. Using this behavioural task, we found that NFS is stably associated with depression and that relationship and partner characteristics may protect depressed individuals from engaging in destructive interpersonal patterns. 相似文献
145.
Depressed individuals display biased attention for emotional information when stimuli are presented for relatively “long” (e.g., 1 s) durations. The current study examined whether attentional biases are sustained over a much longer period. Specifically, clinically depressed and never depressed young adults simultaneously viewed images from four emotion categories (sad, threat, positive, neutral) for 30 s while line of visual gaze was assessed. Depressed individuals spent significantly more time viewing dysphoric images and less time viewing positive images than their never depressed counterparts. Time course analyses indicated that these biases were maintained over the course of the trial. Results suggest that depressed participants' attentional biases for dysphoric information are sustained for relatively long periods even when other emotional stimuli are present. Mood congruent information-processing biases appear to be a robust feature of depression and may have an important role in the maintenance of the disorder. 相似文献
146.
Bryan R. Loney Stevie N. Fowler Thomas E. Joiner 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2008,30(4):298-306
Prior research has documented an association between adolescent conduct problems and bulimic tendencies. However, there is
limited theoretical modeling to explain this association, and prior studies have generally failed to assess for potential
mediating variables of impulsivity, anxiety, and depression. The current study assessed these mediating variables in further
exploring for unique associations between adolescent conduct problems and bulimic tendencies. A non-referred adolescent sample
was assessed for bulimic tendencies, conduct problems, impulsivity, anxiety, and depression using a multi-informant assessment
battery including parent, teacher, and self-report measures. There was a significant bivariate association between conduct
problems and bulimic tendencies, r = 0.29, p < 0.01. However, this association was fully mediated by anxiety and depression symptoms. This suggests that emotional distress
could be a primary factor linking adolescent conduct problems and bulimic tendencies. Implications include the potential for
more regular screening of youth with conduct problems for associated eating disturbances.
相似文献
Bryan R. LoneyEmail: |
147.
A number of recent studies have questioned the conventional view regarding the existence of income-related inequalities in
depression and have suggested that other factors have a more marked impact, most notably those socio-environmental effects
linked to professional status and educational attainment. This paper seeks to measure and decompose the degree of socio-economic
inequality in the factors underlying reported depression by drawing on data from Spain (Spanish National Health Survey, 2003),
a country in which mental care coverage is somewhat limited, but where a marked social transformation has been apparent in
recent decades. Contrary to recent evidence, our findings point towards the existence of significant income-related inequalities
in the prevalence of reported (diagnosed) depression. However, the results from our decomposition analysis are more mixed.
While a modest proportion of overall inequalities (6–13%) is accounted for by income alone, labour status, demographics and
education appear to be more relevant. However, when controlling for potential endogeneity between income and depression by
using instrumental variables (IV), income is found to account for more than 50% of overall inequality in reported depression.
相似文献
Joan Costa-FontEmail: |
148.
Sid E. O’Bryant Carlos G. Finlay Judith R. O’Jile 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2007,29(2):111-114
The Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) is the most frequently used symptom validity test (SVT) by neuropsychologists and appears
to be robust in the context of a number of neurological and psychiatric conditions. The current study cross-validated and
extended prior research by examining the relation between scores on self-report measures of depression and anxiety, independently
and combined, and scores on the TOMM in an outpatient neuropsychology clinic. A total of 262 files were reviewed, 67 of which
contained complete data on the TOMM, Beck Depression Inventory-II, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Results show that
scores on self-report inventories of depression and anxiety are not significantly related to scores on the TOMM, cross-validating
previous research. Extending prior research, current analyses demonstrate that TOMM scores are not significantly influenced
by the combined relation of self-reported symptoms of depression and anxiety. Findings support the utility of the TOMM with
patients reporting affective disturbances. 相似文献
149.
Perfectionism is known to be a risk factor for the development and maintenance of obsessive-compulsive (OC) and depressive symptoms. The purpose of the present study was to test the effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioural self-help therapy for perfectionism, and to examine the effect of such treatment on OC and depressive symptomatology. The study compares the effectiveness of guided self-help (GSH, n=24) with pure self-help (PSH, n=25) therapy. Both GSH and PSH were found to be effective in reducing perfectionism, and also in reducing OC and depressive symptomatology. Overall, participants in the GSH condition experienced greater symptom improvement than participants in the PSH condition, and treatment gains for both groups were largely maintained at 3-month follow-up. Twenty percent of PSH participants experienced clinically significant increases in depressive symptoms over the treatment and follow-up period (compared to 0% in the GSH condition), suggesting that PSH may be a less suitable strategy than GSH in treating this population. Overall, the findings suggest that self-help for perfectionism is effective in reducing OC and depressive symptomatology in non-clinical individuals, with GSH being superior to PSH. 相似文献
150.
Alterations in bodily awareness have been implicated in depression but there has been little detailed empirical characterisation of the degree and accuracy of body perception in the disorder. The present study examined the objective accuracy of heartbeat perception (using the Schandry mental tracking task) and the subjective degree of bodily focus (using the Bodily Consciousness Questionnaire; BCQ) in healthy control volunteers, a moderately depressed community sample, and a more severely depressed clinic sample (n=18 in each group). The community sample showed less accurate heartbeat perception than the control group as expected. Counter to prediction, however, the more severely depressed clinic sample performed better than the community depressed sample and equivalently to control volunteers on the Schandry task. There were no group differences on subjective bodily awareness. Implications for theories of depression are discussed. 相似文献