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161.
Recent research calls into question the generally accepted conclusion that people believe themselves to be better than average. This paper reviews the new theories that have been proposed to explain the fact that better-than-average effects are isolated to common behaviors and abilities, and that people believe themselves to be below average with respect to rare behaviors and uncommon abilities. These new theories are then used to revisit prior findings of better-than-average effects. When viewed in light of recent work, the evidence suggests that prior findings overstated the degree to which people engage in self-enhancement by believing that they are better than others when in fact they are not. Prior studies have often confounded desirability with commonness and have used subjective measures of comparative judgment that capitalize on people’s tendency to conflate relative with absolute self-evaluation. 相似文献
162.
Drawing on data collected from two longitudinal Cohort Studies following the lives of over 20,000 individuals born in the United Kingdom 12 years apart in 1958 and 1970, respectively, this paper examines antecedents and outcomes of educational and occupational aspirations of young men and women, covering the transition from dependent childhood into independent adulthood. Two analytical models, a Social Reproduction Model and a Developmental-Contextual Model are tested to assess the processes by which family background and the wider socio-historical context influence work and family related careers. The findings demonstrate the persistent role of gender, social origin and individual agency processes as well as the influence of a changing socio-historical context on career development. Results are interpreted with regard to biographical agency processes linking individual lives with social contexts across the life course. 相似文献
163.
Bobbi R. Walling Rosemary S. L. Mills Wendy S. Freeman 《Journal of child and family studies》2007,16(5):642-659
Psychological control is a pattern of parenting that is intrusive and manipulative of children's thoughts, feelings, and attachment
to parents. Although little is known about the determinants of psychological control, it has been linked to the psychological
status of the parent. We hypothesized that several parenting cognitions reflecting personal concerns would be associated with
the use of psychological control: low perceived control, sensitivity to hurt, and a disapproving attitude to negative emotion.
We also examined moderating associations with child temperament and child gender. Participants were 198 mothers and fathers
of 3- and 4-year-olds (106 boys, 92 girls; M age = 4.10 years, SD = 0.26). Parents completed self- and spouse-report measures of psychological control, rated their child's temperamental characteristics,
and completed measures of parenting cognitions. Predictions were generally supported for two of the three cognitions. Sensitivity
to hurt and disapproval of negative emotion were associated with more frequent reported use of psychological control. There
were some moderating effects of child characteristics. 相似文献
164.
Nicola A. Conners Shanti P. Tripathi Richard Clubb Robert H. Bradley 《Journal of child and family studies》2007,16(3):415-425
Few studies have examined maternal characteristics associated with heavy or inappropriate television viewing on the part of
their children. We investigated the relationship between children’s television viewing habits and maternal depressive symptoms
and parenting beliefs. The participants were 175 low income children (mean age = 62.1 months) and their mothers who participated
in a larger national study of Early Head Start eligible children. Our sample included families from two predominantly rural
sites. Mothers completed a survey about the amount of time their children spend watching television during the week and on
the weekend, and the types of programs they watch, as well as questionnaires related to maternal depression and parenting
attitudes. According to mothers’ report, most of the young children in our sample exceeded the total viewing time recommended
by the American Academy of Pediatrics (maximum 2 h per day), and the majority watched at least some programming designed for
adult audiences. Maternal depressive symptoms and beliefs about parenting were associated with heavier viewing on the part
of the child, as well as with viewing of age-inappropriate content. 相似文献
165.
Margaret O’Brien Caughy Saundra M. Nettles Patricia J. O’Campo 《Journal of child and family studies》2007,16(6):819-836
We examined the impact of neighborhood characteristics both directly and indirectly as mediated by parent coaching and the
parent/child affective relationship on behavioral and school adjustment in a sample of urban dwelling first graders. We used
structural equations modeling to assess model fit and estimate direct, indirect, and total effects of neighborhood structural
and social characteristics on parenting behavior and child outcomes. Observed physical incivilities in the neighborhood were
associated with lower levels of parent eliciting behavior and higher levels of child behavior problems. The effects of neighborhood
structural characteristics were mediated partially through neighborhood community involvement with children, which had a direct
significant impact on parent eliciting behavior and an indirect effect on child behavior problems. Neighborhood community
involvement with children was associated with higher levels of parent eliciting behavior and lower levels of child behavior
problems. Observed physical incivilities had a significant indirect association with poor school adjustment and a marginally
significant association with positive school adjustment to first grade. Neighborhood community involvement with children was
more strongly associated with positive school adjustment than poor school adjustment. 相似文献
166.
Jacqueline S. Mattis Wizdom Powell Hammond Nyasha Grayman Meredith Bonacci William Brennan Sheri-Ann Cowie Lina Ladyzhenskaya Sara So 《American journal of community psychology》2009,43(1-2):71-84
Contemporary social science paints a bleak picture of inner-city relational life. Indeed, the relationships of low-income, urban-residing Americans are represented as rife with distress, violence and family disruption. At present, no body of social scientific work systematically examines the factors that promote loving or selfless interactions among low-income, inner-city American individuals, families and communities. In an effort to fill that gap, this ethnographic study examined the motivations for altruism among a sample of adults (n = 40) who reside in an economically distressed housing community (i.e., housing project) in New York City. Content analyses of interviews indicated that participants attributed altruism to an interplay between 14 motives that were then ordered into four overarching categories of motives: (1) needs-centered motives, (2) norm-based motives deriving from religious/spiritual ideology, relationships and personal factors, (3) abstract motives (e.g., humanism), and (4) sociopolitical factors. The implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
167.
Theo A. Cope 《Journal of religion and health》2009,48(1):79-89
Positive Psychotherapy (PPT), founded by Dr. Nossrat Peseschkian, a Persian Bahá’í who has lived in Europe for many years,
assumes the functional capacities of the unconscious to be ‘basic capacities.’ PPT makes a distinction between actual capacities
and basic capacities. The basic capacities are the capacity to love and the capacity to know. These basic capacities are comprehensive categories underpinning primary and secondary capacities. Based upon Bahá’í teachings, this therapy accepts belief as an implicit aspect of healthy psychological functioning. Moreover,
contents of the unconscious in PPT are the conflicts between capacities, and undifferentiated and undeveloped actual capacities.
Theo A. Cope received his Ph.D. in Applied Psychology, currently holding position as lecturer in Psychology, Social Psychology, and Organizational Behavior at DUFE. He has lived and taught in China for 10 years. His published works include seven articles, two books in the field of Bahá’í thought, Jungian psychology, psychology of emotion, and the philosophy of Xavier Zubiri. His current projects include Student Self Assessment Research Project (SSARP) on Chinese, US, and Canadian students’ attitudes to management ideas, and a book length work on Bahá’í religious thought and Jungian psychology. 相似文献
Theo A. CopeEmail: |
Theo A. Cope received his Ph.D. in Applied Psychology, currently holding position as lecturer in Psychology, Social Psychology, and Organizational Behavior at DUFE. He has lived and taught in China for 10 years. His published works include seven articles, two books in the field of Bahá’í thought, Jungian psychology, psychology of emotion, and the philosophy of Xavier Zubiri. His current projects include Student Self Assessment Research Project (SSARP) on Chinese, US, and Canadian students’ attitudes to management ideas, and a book length work on Bahá’í religious thought and Jungian psychology. 相似文献
168.
Mechanisms that lead depressive symptoms to undermine parenting are poorly understood. This review examines cognitive, affective, and motivational processes thought to be responsible for the impact of depressive symptoms on parenting. We present a five-step, action-control model and review 152 studies relevant to 13 regulatory processes. Evidence suggests that depressive symptoms undermine parenting because they reduce child-oriented goals, undermine attention to child input, increase negative appraisals of children and parenting competence, activate low-positive and high-negative emotion, and increase positive evaluations of coercive parenting. Yet, this review reveals significant limitations in knowledge of these processes. Evidence that they mediate depression-parenting relations is scare; important processes remain unstudied; conceptions of regulation are undifferentiated; children’s contributions are largely unexamined; moderating variables are largely unexplored; and methods fail to capture the dynamics of processing input from children. Rigorous testing of such process models holds promise for clarifying the basis of depression-related parenting problems. 相似文献
169.
Steinunn Gestsdottir Selva Lewin-Bizan Alexander von Eye Jacqueline V. Lerner Richard M. Lerner 《Journal of applied developmental psychology》2009,30(5):585
Intentional self-regulation is a core facet of human functioning, involving people's modulation of their thoughts, attention, emotions, and behaviors to react to environmental demands and to influence their own development. Using data from Grades 8, 9, and 10 of the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development (PYD), the structure of intentional self-regulation, as indexed by a measure of selection (S), optimization (O), and compensation (C), or SOC, was assessed. Within-and-across-time links between SOC scores and indicators of PYD, and risk/problem behaviors were ascertained. A tripartite structure of intentional self-regulation was identified across all three grades, and SOC scores at all times positively covaried with PYD and negatively with risk/problem behaviors. Findings were strongest for overall SOC scores and for the components of “O” and “C.” We discuss the implications of these findings for youth development programs. 相似文献
170.
Parenting behaviors have received ample support as a mediator of the relationship between maternal affect and child behavior
problems. The majority of these research efforts were based on a uni-dimensional conceptualization of maternal mood, even
though decades of theory and research suggest that mood is multidimensional. We examined the mediating role of parenting behaviors
on positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) and reports of child behavior problems. Evidence for mediation was demonstrated
for both PA and NA for children in early to middle childhood. Consistent with the positive psychology movement, our results
suggest that maternal PA plays an important role in parents’ utilization of effective parenting behaviors. Implications for
clinical intervention and future research are discussed. 相似文献