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941.
The social responsibilities of biological scientists 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Biological scientists, like scientists in other disciplines, are uncertain about whether or how to use their knowledge and
time to provide society with insight and guidance in handling the effects of inventions and discoveries. This article addresses
this issue. It presents a typography of structures in which scientists may contribute to social understanding and decisions.
It describes the different ways in which these contributions can be made. Finally it develops the ethical arguments that justify
the view that biological scientists have social responsibilities.
The opinions expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the Department of Defense. 相似文献
942.
Douglas J. Crawford-Brown 《Science and engineering ethics》1997,3(4):481-489
This paper explores the nature of virtue theory as applied to engineering practice. It links virtue to specific areas of practice
such as the selection of ends, devotion to service, the formation of justified belief, the conduct of dialogue, the taking
of actions, and exercises of the will. These areas are related to a culture of virtue in which an engineering society creates
the conditions enabling acts of virtue and celebrates individuals and their acts which exemplify identified virtues. The result
is a basis for engineering ethics which draws attention to the impetus for an ethically sound life.
An earlier version of this paper was presented by the author at a mini-conference, Practicing and Teaching Ethics in Engineering and Computing, held during the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Association for Practical and Professional Ethics, Washington, D.C., March 8–9,
1997. 相似文献
943.
Walter Sinnott-Armstrong 《Metaphilosophy》1999,30(1&2):1-12
Analytic particularism claims that judgments of moral wrongness are about particular acts rather than general principles. Metaphysical particularism claims that what makes true moral judgments true is not general principles but nonmoral properties of particular acts. Epistemological particularism claims that studying particular acts apart from general principles can justify beliefs in moral judgments. Methodological particularism claims that we will do better morally in everyday life if we look carefully at each particular decision as it arises and give up the search for a complete moral theory. This paper raises problems for each of these versions of particularism. 相似文献
944.
DeMets DL 《Science and engineering ethics》1999,5(1):97-117
Ethical conduct is an essential component in research, especially in medical research. Statistical methods for design and
analysis are powerful research tools if used properly. Abuse of these principles and methods are just as unethical as other
laboratory or clinical misconduct. Inadequate research design can produce worthless results and thus wastes effort and valuable
resources. For clinical research, patient resources are wasted. Inappropriate analysis of data can also produce misleading
results and conclusions. For clinical research, inferior therapy might be given to patients as a consequence. These ethical
concerns can have implications for and affect the individuals responsible for the statistical design and analysis. Examples
are provided which illustrate some possible abuses and inappropriate pressures. 相似文献
945.
946.
Development of international guidelines for research ethics 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kaiser M 《Science and engineering ethics》1999,5(2):293-298
947.
Cole-Turner R 《Science and engineering ethics》1999,5(1):33-46
The announcement of the birth of Dolly the cloned sheep evoked widespread response from the Christian Churches. These responses
are identified, organized thematically, and discussed critically. The churches have viewed reproductive human cloning either
with unqualified opposition or with grave suspicion. Some statements have discussed animal cloning, generally granting limited
approval, and nonreproductive human cloning, either in opposition or expressing an openness to entertain specific proposals
as the technology develops.
This paper is based on a presentation at the 164th Annual Meeting of The American Association for the Advancement of Science
(1998), Philadelphia, in the session entitled The Rights and Wrongs of Cloning Humans, February 13, 1998. 相似文献
948.
Undiagnosed malingering (symptom overreporting or fabrication) can endanger mental health staff. This review paper presents a systematic and empirically based framework to assess symptom overreporting and violence potential. The first half reviews three models of malingering and their implications for violence potential. The first model proposes that people who malinger are attempting to cope with major mental disorders or organic deficits. The violence potential of these often overlooked disorders is explained. The second model describes how some people with character disorders overreport psychological symptoms and use violence to manage interpersonal relationships. The third model proposes that people who malinger are attempting to get their needs met in complex situations. Mishandling these often desperate people can result in a dangerous situation. The second half of this article focuses on conducting evaluations with potential malingerers, including ethical issues, assessment techniques, and treatment recommendations. Public policy implications are also addressed. 相似文献
949.
It has become common in medical ethics to discuss difficult cases in terms of the principles of respect for autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. These moral concepts or principles serve as maxims that are suggestive of appropriate clinical behavior. Because this language evolved primarily in the acute care setting, I consider whether it is in need of supplementation in order to be useful in the long-term care setting. Through analysis of two typical cases involving residents of long-term care facilities, I argue for the additional principles of candor and responsibility for narrative integrity. 相似文献
950.
Jan Doroszewski 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》1988,9(3):351-370
The work related to medical ethics written by Polish authors are reviewed and some topics concerning teaching and various other activities in this field are presented. The attention is centered on the opinions and attitudes concerning the essence of medical profession and the personal model of the physician, doctor-patient relationship (including duties of the doctor), medical research on humans, abortion and other problems. The role of medico-ethical tradition in Poland is described. Main trends in polish ethical thought in relation to medicine are taken into consideration. General aspects of medical ethics in present-day Poland are tentatively characterized. 相似文献