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761.
    
Here we show that gender identification of male (but not female) heterosexual, right-handed dancers correlates with physical strength (measured via handgrip strength) after controlling for the effect of body-mass-index on strength. Using optical motion capture technology, we collected the dance movements of men and women for subsequent animations of uniform shape- and texture-standardized virtual characters (avatars). Short video clips (15 s) of these movements were presented to male and female adults and children, who were asked to identify the gender of the avatar. Gender identification performance was significantly higher than chance for both adults and children. Among adults (but not among children) the avatars of male dancers who were physically stronger were perceived as males significantly more often than were the avatars of male dancers who were physically weaker. There was no relationship between strength and gender identification for female dancers. We conclude that physical strength affects gender identification from human dance movements at least for male dancers, and that pre-pubertal children might not be sensitive to strength cues in dance movements.  相似文献   
762.
    
The current study explored whether high provocation sensitive individuals would declare less anger and therefore fewer physical aggressive acts if they are high in communal values. Three samples, students, prisoners and psychotherapy patients, were compared for differences in occurrence of aggressive reactions and preassembly communion-orientation. Data was tested using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM).Among students, communion-orientation itself and in interaction with sensitivity to provocation had a diminishing effect on anger. Among prisoners and patients, there was no support for the notion that communion-orientation had an effect on anger. Among patients, the relationship between sensitivity to provocations and physical aggression was fully mediated by anger, but among prisoners a provoking situation was enough to lead to physical aggression.Although based on data from self-reports, possibly biased by impression management, results suggest that communion-orientation should be considered in research on aggression.  相似文献   
763.
    
This study sought to track changes in intensity of fear of childbirth and locus of labor pain control in women attending an exercise program for pregnant women or traditional childbirth classes and to identify the predictors of these changes. The study was longitudinal/non-experimental in nature and run on 109 healthy primigravidae aged from 22 to 37, including 62 women participating in an exercise program for pregnant women and 47 women attending traditional childbirth classes. The following assessment tools were used: two scales developed by the present authors – the Fear of Childbirth Scale and the Control of Birth Pain Scale, three standardized psychological inventories for the big five personality traits (NEO Five Factors Inventory), trait anxiety (State–Trait Anxiety Inventory) and dispositional optimism (Life Oriented Test–Revised) and a questionnaire concerning socioeconomic status, health status, activities during pregnancy, relations with partners and expectations about childbirth. Fear of childbirth significantly decreased in women participating in the exercise program for pregnant women but not in women attending traditional childbirth classes. Several significant predictors of post-intervention fear of childbirth emerged: dispositional optimism and self-rated health (negative) and strength of the belief that childbirth pain depends on chance (positive).  相似文献   
764.
    
ObjectiveMany people do not behave in line with their self-imposed goal to be more physically active. To bridge this intention–behavior gap, detailed planning is regarded as being instrumental. Moreover, preparatory actions are supposed to facilitate physical activity in conjunction with planning. Thus, preparatory actions are seen as mediators between intention and behaviors. The present study examines whether intention is translated into physical activity stepwise via planning as well as via preparatory actions.DesignAt three points in time, physical activity, planning, preparatory actions, and the intention to be physically active were assessed in 338 participants.MethodsBy means of structural equation modeling, it was examined whether the pathway from intention to physical activity includes a mediating sequence of planning as well as preparatory actions.ResultsThe sequential mediation model confirmed pathways from intention to planning, from planning to preparatory behaviors, and from preparatory behaviors to follow-up physical activity, while controlling for baseline indicators. Furthermore, there was an indirect effect of intention on preparatory actions via planning, an indirect effect of planning on physical activity via preparatory actions, and an indirect effect of intention on physical activity via planning and preparatory actions thus, confirming the hypothesized sequence.ConclusionsIndividuals who are motivated to be physically active are likely to make a plan, and if they do so, they are more likely to take preparatory actions, resulting in a higher chance to perform the target behavior.  相似文献   
765.

“疼痛悖论”是当代英美分析哲学关于疼痛问题的研究焦点之一。这一悖论指称的是疼痛经验同时所具有的物理特征与心理特征构成疼痛概念的内在不一致性。通过分析疼痛的医学定义,将发现这一悖论不仅是一个哲学议题,也同样存在于医学对疼痛的理解中。1979年的国际疼痛学会经典版疼痛定义蕴含疼痛的哲学悖论,2020年修订版也并未消解这一悖论。医学定义是临床实践的重要指南,而一个合理的疼痛医学定义需要探讨并化解其中潜在的悖论,以形成关于疼痛本质的逻辑一致的理解与认知。

  相似文献   
766.
在疼痛领域,基础研究传统上主要关注疼痛的感觉维度和诱发痛的机制,对疼痛的情绪维度和临床上更常见的自发痛研究较少,这造成了基础研究和临床应用的脱节.条件位置范式的诞生在一定程度上解决了这一问题.条件位置范式是研究药物奖赏和成瘾的经典范式.近10年来,它开始被应用到疼痛研究领域.本文系统总结了目前条件位置范式在疼痛领域的研究进展,主要包括应用条件位置厌恶范式研究疼痛情绪、应用条件位置偏爱范式探索自发痛机制以及进行镇痛药物筛选.最后,结合已有的研究,提出了未来条件位置范式在疼痛领域的应用方向.  相似文献   
767.
首次在无痛群体中比较疼痛恐惧、心理忧虑和躯体化对疼痛感知的预测作用大小及调节和中介关系。以多个同类量表得分的Z分数加和作为三者的因子分,以冷压痛觉测验(CPT)疼痛指标(阈限、耐受性、强度、不愉快度)为目标变量,通过分层回归及调节和中介作用分析,发现疼痛恐惧对疼痛不愉快度的预测作用最强,心理忧虑对疼痛体验(强度、不愉快度)的预测作用被疼痛恐惧完全中介,躯体化只有在高疼痛恐惧条件下才显著负向预测疼痛不愉快度。综上,疼痛恐惧是三因素中预测CPT疼痛体验的主要因素。  相似文献   
768.
下腰痛的影像学过度诊断及对策   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
下腰痛的发病率很高,就诊的患者人次居骨科就诊患者的首位。当前临床上存在下腰痛影像学的\"过度检查\",原因包括医方的利益驱动、医生过分依赖影像学、医生的防御性医疗以及患者方面的因素。针对下腰痛患者不同的症状和体征选择个性化的影像学检查和诊断是解决该问题的主要办法。  相似文献   
769.
身体拥有感错觉以多通道的感官整合为基础,包括视觉-触觉、视觉-本体感觉、触觉-本体感觉、视觉-内感受的整合等。来自实验室急性痛以及慢性痛的大量结果表明拥有感错觉可产生镇痛作用。身体部位尺寸大小、肢体透明度等相关影响因素也逐渐得到揭示。拥有感错觉影响疼痛的机制与身体表征的改变有关,该过程可能涉及“身体网络”与“疼痛网络”间的连接,其中后顶叶皮层可能有重要作用。未来研究应更为深入地探索拥有感错觉范式以考察不同因素对疼痛的影响;在现有多感官整合的范式中重视内感受的作用;考察拥有感错觉改变疼痛的认知神经机制;区分急、慢性痛条件下以及不同慢性痛类型中拥有感错觉对疼痛的不同影响。  相似文献   
770.
分娩过程中子宫收缩导致局部缺血缺氧,产生的低氧代谢产物可刺激和敏化内脏神经从而导致分娩疼痛,同时分娩疼痛产生具有镇痛、促进产程、促进母婴身心健康等生理作用的内源性物质,如内啡肽。这一过程受到自主神经调控,自主神经又受到心理、内分泌、免疫等多种因素影响。因此,单纯或过度强调药物镇痛作用有限,并且有可能干扰正常的生理过程而带来不良反应。正确认识分娩疼痛的生理特征及意义,强调分娩疼痛的身心整体治疗,早期、合理使用非药物镇痛技术联合最短时程最小剂量的药物镇痛,可极大提高分娩过程中母婴的安全性和舒适性。  相似文献   
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