利多卡因凝胶在手术室麻醉诱导后留置尿管中的应用

分析手术室麻醉诱导后留置尿管产生尿路疼痛等不良反应的原因,探讨利多卡因凝胶在克服上述反应方面的作用及其他预防措施。采用方便取样将70例留置尿管的患者分为试验组和对照组,麻醉诱导后试验组在尿管上涂抹利多卡因凝胶（0．5ml／cm）后再按常规操作插管;对照组以石蜡油为润滑剂按常规操作留置尿管。比较两组患者心率、血压情况及躁动、疼痛评分。结果提示麻醉诱导后留置尿管可以有效减轻患者清醒状态下置管引起的尿路疼痛等问题,但不能避免患者苏醒期出现上述反应;使用利多卡因凝胶可有效预防患者苏醒期出现的尿路疼痛及其它不良反应,增加患者的舒适度。     

下腰痛影像诊断的综合效价分析

对61例下腰痛患者的影像学检查资料进行研究,分析各影像学检查方法的效价。结果显示所有患者均进行了3种以上的影像学检查,X线检查费用占总费用的11．67％,脊髓造影占24．67％,CT占14．33％,CTM占7．33％,MRI占42％;常规X线摄片对骨性结构具有较高的分辨率,为进一步影像学检查提供依据。因此,在下腰痛的诊断过程中,必须合理地选择影像学检查方法,以最合理的花费达到正确诊断,节约卫生资源。     

腰腿痛患者现病史的客观采集及其评价

腰腿痛患者的现病史采集比较困难,临床上经常引发混乱,甚至会被忽略.作者根据临床经验总结了一套相时系统和客观的分析思路.借此启发和提示临床医生临诊分析的主观能动性.作者还通过对现病史采集在医学发展史上的地位变化的回顾,提出了现代临床医学对患者症状特征进行归纳分析的重要性.     

The implicit cognition of relationship maintenance: Inattention to attractive alternatives

The temptation of alternative mating partners can threaten satisfaction with and commitment to an existing romantic relationship. Consequently, people exhibit cognitive processes that help protect their relationship when faced with desirable relationship alternatives. Previous studies have focused primarily on processes that involve explicit, higher-order cognitive mechanisms such as overt judgments and choices (e.g., judging the alternative as less attractive). The current studies, in contrast, examined automatic, early-stage attentional processes that may help protect against threats posed by exposure to alternative mating partners. Whereas single participants responded to implicit mating primes by increasing early-stage attention to physically attractive opposite sex targets, participants in a committed romantic relationship were inattentive to those attractive alternatives. This research provides a novel approach for studying implicit cognitive mechanisms involved in maintaining close relationships.     

Interpersonal effects of Appearance-based Rejection Sensitivity

Appearance-based Rejection Sensitivity (Appearance-RS) is the tendency to anxiously expect, readily perceive, and overreact to rejection based on one’s physical attractiveness. In the present research, we examined how sensitivity to appearance-based rejection influenced desire for social contact. High Appearance-RS participants wanted to avoid social interaction in general (Study 1) and even close others (Study 2) following appearance-based rejection, but not appearance-based acceptance or rejection based on perceived intelligence. Results of a daily diary study revealed that high Appearance-RS participants showed greater social avoidance on days when they felt sensitive to rejection based on their looks (Study 3). High Appearance-RS individuals therefore overreact to appearance rejection by withdrawing from social interactions. Implications for motivation, interpersonal processes, and clinical disorders are discussed.     

The relationship between pain tolerance and trait aggression: effects of sex and gender role

The literature on pain and aggression has indicated that pain elicits aggression. However, research has generally examined pain as a situational variable and focused less on the dispositional ability of an individual to tolerate pain. The dearth of research on pain tolerance and aggression appears to contradict the existing theory on the aggression‐eliciting effect of pain, in that studies have found a positive relationship between pain tolerance and aggression. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the relationship between pain tolerance and aggression is moderated by sex and whether the positive relationship could be explained by masculine gender role conformity. A sample of 195 collegiate men and women completed trait measures and a laboratory assessment of pain tolerance. Results indicated that correlations between pain tolerance and trait aggression were significant and positive for men but not women. However, when men's conformity to masculine gender role was controlled for, the relationship between pain tolerance and trait aggression was nil and nonsignificant. Results are discussed in reference to socialization and maintenance of masculine status. Aggr. Behav. 35:422–429, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Body image and explicit and implicit anti-fat attitudes: the mediating role of physical appearance comparisons

Prejudice against overweight people is rife. However, there is a paucity of research on the underlying reasons for it. In two studies the relationship between body image, the tendency to make physical appearance-related comparisons (PACS), and both explicit and implicit anti-fat attitudes was examined. In Study 1 (n = 227) people with a high tendency to make physical appearance-related comparisons (high PACS scorers) reported lower self-appearance evaluation, but higher appearance orientation and explicit anti-fat attitudes. The PACS fully mediated the relationship between appearance orientation and explicit anti-fat attitudes. Study 2 (n = 134) found that the PACS also mediated the relationship between appearance orientation and implicit anti-fat attitudes. Thus, individual differences in factors such as body image and the tendency to make appearance-related comparisons, appear to play a central role in both explicit and implicit anti-fat attitudes.     

Associations of Maternal Prenatal Smoking with Early Childhood Physical Aggression,Hyperactivity-Impulsivity,and Their Co-Occurrence

This study investigated associations between maternal prenatal smoking and physical aggression (PA), hyperactivity-impulsivity (HI) and co-occurring PA and HI between ages 17 and 42 months in a population sample of children born in Québec (Canada) in 1997/1998 (N=1745). Trajectory model estimation showed three distinct developmental patterns for PA and four for HI. Multinomial regression analyses showed that prenatal smoking significantly predicted children’s likelihood to follow different PA trajectories beyond the effects of other perinatal factors, parental psychopathology, family functioning and parenting, and socio-economic factors. However, prenatal smoking was not a significant predictor of HI in a model with the same control variables. Further multinomial regression analyses showed that, together with gender, presence of siblings and maternal hostile reactive parenting, prenatal smoking independently predicted co-occurring high PA and high HI compared to low levels of both behaviors, to high PA alone, and to high HI alone. These results show that maternal prenatal smoking predicts multiple behavior regulation problems in early childhood.     

Aggressive personality traits in the effects of violent imagery on unprovoked impulsive aggression

In a three-factor design varying the aggressive-behavior subtraits of physical aggression (low, high) and hostility (low, high) with exposure to film content (innocuous, violent imagery), respondents were exposed to film segments and thereafter engaged in a teaching task that involved the administration of noxious feedback for unproductive efforts by the learner. A display informed respondents of the intensity of delivered feedback. Instructions were to provide feedback as often as required and of intensities deemed appropriate. However, respondents were also told to refrain from using extremely high intensities, as these intensities would be hurtful to the learner. None of the three independent variables exerted appreciable influence on the frequency of use of recommended feedback. In contrast, the frequency of the use of the disallowed, hurtful feedback was markedly affected. Independent of exposure to film content, men scoring high on hostility used impulsive aggressive responses more frequently than men scoring low on that subtrait. Within the subtrait of physical aggression, however, the degree of trait manifestation proved inconsequential for impulsive aggression, but exposure to the violent film segment resulted in more frequent use of impulsive aggressive responses than exposure to the innocuous film segment.     

Relation of Self-Efficacy to Reported Pain and Pain Medication Usage During Labor

We studied the relationship of self-efficacy to reported labor pain and pain medication usage among 43 women. Self-efficacy ratings were judgments of confidence regarding successful completion of tasks involved in labor and delivery (e.g., doing breathing exercises) and in overcoming barriers (e.g., nonsupportive partner). Multiple regression analyses revealed that self-efficacy significantly contributed to predicting labor pain beyond other relevant variables (e.g., age, amount of menstrual pain), with barrier self-efficacy the strongest predictor. Results are discussed in the context of increasing women's confidence in overcoming barriers by incorporating relevant interventions in childbirth education.