What is anger provoking? A psychophysical study of perceived causes of anger

From a pool of nearly 900 situations, anonymously described by young people from prepuberty to adolescence as anger provoking, 60 situations were randomly drawn. Twelve advanced students of psychology independently rated the similarity between each possible pair of situations with respect to the perceived cause of anger. The resultant averaged similarity matrix was subjected to factor analysis, and ten factors were deemed an optimal solution, both psychologically and statistically. The factor structure is described and discussed, and other findings of situational dimensions, not made explicit by the factor analysis, are also discussed.     

Nonmetric multidimensional scaling with clustering of subjects

A new nonmetric multidimensional scaling method is devised to analyze three-way data concerning inter-stimulus similarities obtained from many subjects. It is assumed that subjects are classified into a small number of clusters and that the stimulus configuration is specific to each cluster. Under this assumption, the classification of subjects and the scaling used to derive the configurations for clusters are simultaneously performed using an alternating least-squares algorithm. The monotone regression of ordinal similarity data, the scaling of stimuli and the K -means clustering of subjects are iterated in the algorithm. The method is assessed using a simulation and its practical use is illustrated with the analysis of real data. Finally, some extensions are considered.     

领导-下属情绪评价能力一致与员工建言：内部人身份感知与性别相似性的作用

基于人-环境匹配和资源保存理论,研究构建了一个调节-中介模型,从二元视角分析了领导情绪评价能力与下属情绪评价能力一致对员工建言的影响路径与边界。通过对43位领导与182位下属的配对问卷调研,结果表明:(1)相较"低领导-低下属"情绪评价能力一致,在"高领导-高下属"情绪评价能力一致情境下,员工的内部人身份感知更高;(2)相较"高领导-低下属"情绪评价能力不一致,在"低领导-高下属"情绪评价能力不一致情境下,员工的内部人身份感知更高;(3)内部人身份感知在情绪评价能力一致与促进性建言、抑制性建言间起部分中介作用;(4)相较领导-下属性别相同,当领导-下属性别不同时,员工内部人身份感知的中介作用更强。研究从情绪评价能力、性别的二元匹配视角揭示了员工建言的前因,为领导与下属间交互影响提供了更多解释路径。     

Composition in distributional models of semantics

Vector-based models of word meaning have become increasingly popular in cognitive science. The appeal of these models lies in their ability to represent meaning simply by using distributional information under the assumption that words occurring within similar contexts are semantically similar. Despite their widespread use, vector-based models are typically directed at representing words in isolation, and methods for constructing representations for phrases or sentences have received little attention in the literature. This is in marked contrast to experimental evidence (e.g., in sentential priming) suggesting that semantic similarity is more complex than simply a relation between isolated words. This article proposes a framework for representing the meaning of word combinations in vector space. Central to our approach is vector composition, which we operationalize in terms of additive and multiplicative functions. Under this framework, we introduce a wide range of composition models that we evaluate empirically on a phrase similarity task.     

Using thesauruses as a heuristics for mapping values

Value differences across cultures or social groups are usually framed in terms of different emphases a particular group puts on specific values. For example, Western cultures typically prioritize values like autonomy and freedom, whereas East-Asian cultures put more emphasis on harmony and community. We present an alternative approach for investigating such cultural differences based on thesaurus databases that reflect the use of value terms in everyday language. We present a methodology that integrates empirical value research with linguistics and novel computer visualization tools to map and visualize value spaces. The maps outline variations in the semantic neighborhood of value terms. Based on 460 value terms both for US-English and German, we created for each language a map of 78 value classes that were further validated in two surveys. The use of such maps could inform research in three ways: first, by allowing for a controlled variability in the usage of value terms when generating vignettes; second, by indicating potential difficulties when translating value terms that display considerable differences in their semantic neighborhood; and third, as heuristics for better understanding value plurality.     

人际吸引机制探索:主我分享中情绪的作用

研究以计算机仿真交流平台为工具,采用模拟情景方法,探讨了人际互动中相似性对人际吸引的影响和人际吸引机制。采用2×2组间设计,共32名被试。结果显示:(1)主我分享是态度相似的重要组成部分;(2)在人际交流与互动中,主我分享是影响人际吸引的重要因素;(3)情绪是主我分享影响人际吸引的中介变量,起部分中介作用;(4)人际互动情境模拟是研究人际交往的一种有效途径。     

Improving Oral Reading Fluency Through Response Opportunities: A Comparison of Phrase Drill Error Correction with Repeated Readings

The purpose of this study was to compare two oral reading fluency treatments (repeated readings and phrase drill error correction) which differ in the way they prompt student responding. Repeated readings (RR) and phrase drill (PD) error correction were alternated with a baseline and a reward condition within an alternating treatments design with an 8-year old boy referred for reading difficulties. Results indicate that RR and PD improved the participant’s reading fluency equally well relative to both baseline and reward conditions. Results are discussed in terms of the types and relevance of response opportunities afforded by each intervention.     

3.5~5.5岁儿童在知觉相似与概念冲突情形下的归纳推理

了探讨儿童是基于知觉相似的还是基于概念的进行归纳推理的,利用儿童较为熟悉的材料,设计了一种知觉相似与概念冲突的情形,并在4种不同的信息提示条件下,测试了总共275名3.5岁、4.5岁和5.5岁儿童的归纳推理。实验结果显示,在预备实验中,3.5岁的儿童已经能够排除无关刺激要么基于知觉相似要么基于概念进行归纳推理,但二者没有显著差异;在正式实验中,在4种任务条件下,3.5岁的儿童的情况基本与预备实验相同,而4.5岁和5.5岁的儿童则更倾向于基于概念进行归纳推理,这表明儿童的归纳推理可能的确经历了从依据知觉相似到依据概念关系的转变,但发生转变的年龄应该不是在7~8岁,而是在4岁之前     

图形相似比较中的加工模型:特征与结构的作用

本研究采用单一目标映射技术(one-shot mapping)设计实验考察了相似比较中的加工模型。实验结果表明:相似等级的判定对映射任务中结构映射没有显著性影响。相似加工不一定表现为基于结构的加工,基于特征的加工和基于结构的加工是相似加工中两种并行的加工模式。在反应时方面,基于结构的加工的反应时比基于特征的加工的反应时更长。