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411.
Williams Syndrome (WS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder, which stems from a genetic deletion on chromosome 7 and causes a profound weakness in visuospatial cognition. Our current study explores how orientation perception may contribute to the visuospatial deficits in WS. In Experiment 1, we found that WS individuals and normal 3–4 year olds had similar orientation discrimination thresholds and had similar prevalence of mirror-reversal errors for diagonal targets (±45 deg). In Experiment 2, we asked whether this immaturity in orientation discrimination would also be reflected in a task requiring integration of oriented elements. We found that sensitivities of WS individuals for detecting orientation-defined contours were higher than sensitivities of normal 3–4 year olds, and were not significantly different from sensitivities of normal adults. Together, these results suggest that orientation discrimination and orientation integration have different maturational trajectories in normal development and different susceptibilities to damage in WS. These may reflect largely separate visuospatial mechanisms. 相似文献
412.
Sensory substitution devices provide through an unusual sensory modality (the substituting modality, e.g., audition) access to features of the world that are normally accessed through another sensory modality (the substituted modality, e.g., vision). In this article, we address the question of which sensory modality the acquired perception belongs to. We have recourse to the four traditional criteria that have been used to define sensory modalities: sensory organ, stimuli, properties, and qualitative experience ( Grice, 1962 ), to which we have added the criteria of behavioral equivalence ( Morgan, 1977 ), dedication ( Keeley, 2002 ), and sensorimotor equivalence ( O'Regan & Noë, 2001 ). We discuss which of them are fulfilled by perception through sensory substitution devices and whether this favors the view that perception belongs to the substituting or to the substituted modality. Though the application of a number of criteria might be taken to point to the conclusion that perception with a sensory substitution device belongs to the substituted modality, we argue that the evidence leads to an alternative view on sensory substitution. According to this view, the experience after sensory substitution is a transformation, extension, or augmentation of our perceptual capacities, rather than being something equivalent or reducible to an already existing sensory modality. We develop this view by comparing sensory substitution devices to other "mind-enhancing tools" such as pen and paper, sketchpads, or calculators. An analysis of sensory substitution in terms of mind-enhancing tools unveils it as a thoroughly transforming perceptual experience and as giving rise to a novel form of perceptual interaction with the environment. 相似文献
413.
We respond to the commentary of Franklin, Wright, and Davies (Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,102, 239-245 [2009]) by returning to the simple contrast between nature and nurture. We find no evidence from the toddler data that makes us revise our ideas that color categories are learned and never innate. 相似文献
414.
415.
How in real-life or through the use of technical devices can we recognize the presence of other persons and under what conditions can we differentiate them from objects? In order to approach this question, in the study reported here we explored the most basic conditions necessary for participants to recognize the presence of another person during a perceptual interaction. We created a mini-network of two minimalist devices and investigated whether participants were able to differentiate the perception of another person from the perception of a fixed and a mobile object even when the pattern of sensory stimulation was reduced to a bare minimum. We show that participants can recognize when the all-or-none tactile stimulation they experienced was attributable to an encounter with the other participant's avatar or the mobile object rather than with a fixed object. Participants were also able to establish different strategies in order to favor the situations of mutual perception. Thus, in the minimalist conditions of our experiment, the perception of another intentional subject was not based purely on any particular shape or objective trajectories of displacement; it was also based on properties that are intrinsic to the joint perceptual activity itself. 相似文献
416.
Inattentional blindness for ignored words: Comparison of explicit and implicit memory tasks 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Inattentional blindness is described as the failure to perceive a supra-threshold stimulus when attention is directed away from that stimulus. Based on performance on an explicit recognition memory test and concurrent functional imaging data Rees, Russell, Frith, and Driver [Rees, G., Russell, C., Frith, C. D., & Driver, J. (1999). Inattentional blindness versus inattentional amnesia for fixated but ignored words. Science, 286, 2504–2507] reported inattentional blindness for word stimuli that were fixated but ignored. The present study examined both explicit and implicit memory for fixated but ignored words using a selective-attention task in which overlapping picture/word stimuli were presented at fixation. No explicit awareness of the unattended words was apparent on a recognition memory test. Analysis of an implicit memory task, however, indicated that unattended words were perceived at a perceptual level. Thus, the selective-attention task did not result in perfect filtering as suggested by Rees et al. While there was no evidence of conscious perception, subjects were not blind to the implicit perceptual properties of fixated but ignored words. 相似文献
417.
‘Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is conceptualized in many ways. We argue that one cannot be indifferent about the issue
of its conceptualization. In terms of methodology, our position is that any conceptual discussion must embed CSR in political
theory. With regard to substance, we link up with the discussion on whether CSR must be defined on the basis of a tripartite
or a quadripartite division of business responsibilities. We share A.B. Carroll’s intuition that a quadripartite division
is called for as a basis to define CSR. However, defending the quadripartite division of business responsibilities requires
that the distinctions between economic, legal, ethical and discretionary business responsibilities be made intelligible. Carroll’s
account is defective in this respect. We argue that contemporary Neo-Kantian political ethics is able to make sense of these
distinctions, because of its specific interpretation of liberalism. Interestingly, from a conventional liberal perspective
this interpretation of liberalism is atypical, as it extends public morality beyond the domain of the law.
相似文献
Wim DubbinkEmail: |
418.
A series of experiments investigated which stimulus properties pigeons use when they discriminate pairs of visual arrays that
differ in numerosity. Transfer tests with novel stimuli confirmed that the birds’ choices were based on relative differences
in numerosity. However, pigeons differed from other species in the non-numerical cues that affected their choices. In human
and non-human primates, numerical discrimination is often influenced by continuous variables such as surface area or overall
stimulus brightness. Pigeons showed little evidence of using those cues, even when summed area and brightness had been correlated
with numerosity differences and reward outcome. But when array-element sizes were asymmetrically distributed across numerosities,
the birds readily utilized information about item sizes as an additional discriminative cue. These novel results are discussed
in relation to pigeons’ tendency to focus on local, rather than global dimensions when they process other non-numerical complex
visual stimuli. The findings suggest there may be inter-specific differences in the type of perceptual information that provides
the input stage for mechanisms underlying numerical processing.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
419.
In a 3‐year follow‐up to Levin and Hart's ( 2003 ) study, we observed the same children, now 9–11 years old, and their parents in the same risky decision‐making task. At the aggregate level the same pattern of means was observed across time periods. At the individual level the key variables were significantly correlated across time periods for both children and adults. Taken together with the results from the original study and earlier studies, these results solidify the following conclusions: children utilize both probability and outcome information in risky decision‐making; the tendency to make more risky choices to avoid a loss than to achieve a gain of equal magnitude, which is a major tenet of the leading theories of risky decision‐making, occurs for children as well as adults; children make more risky choices than adults; temperamental predictors of risky choice are valid for children as well as for adults. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
420.
Rockwell P 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》2007,36(5):361-369
This study investigated vocal cues that differentiate sarcastic utterances from non-sarcastic utterances. Utterances were
drawn from videotapes of participant interviews and arranged on a master tape for analysis. Utterances that were identified
as sarcastic by speakers and recognized as sarcastic by listeners were randomly arranged with utterances identified and recognized
as non-sarcastic by the same participants. Both sarcastic and non-sarcastic utterances were analyzed by two methods–acoustic
analysis and perceptual coding. The acoustic analysis proved slightly more successful than the perceptual coding in discriminating
between sarcastic and non-sarcastic utterances. The acoustic analysis indicated that fundamental frequency, frequency range,
length of utterance, and total amount of sound significantly discriminated sarcastic from non-sarcastic utterances. The perceptual
coding method revealed that pitch range, length of utterance, and total amount of sound significantly discriminated sarcastic
from non-sarcastic utterances. Moderate correlations were found between the acoustic and perceptual variables. 相似文献